Atmospheric Pressure Ionization LC/M

Abstract

as chromatography/mass _j spectrometry (GC/MS) has Jbeen particularly important in environmental research and monitoring because it can confirm or identify trace residues in complex matrices (1, 2). It has become the "staple" for the identification and measurement of volatiles and semivolatiles in air, foodstuffs, water, and wastes. Yet even with the current intensive monitoring programs, there are major shortcomings in the characterization of environmental media. Often laboratory efforts can account for only a small portion of the carbon mass balance of oxidation products in air, pollutants in water, or components in hazardous waste (1). Typically this unaccounted-for mass is summarized as polar, thermally unstable, or high-molecularweight material unsuitable for

In-source fragmentation of partially oxidized mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography

“…atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), thermospray or electrospray ionization (ESI). 15,16 APCI-MS techniques for the determination of B[a]P derivatives at trace levels. 17,18 Thereby APCI was found to provide higher sensitivity than the thermospray method, and for several oxy-PAHs detection limits in the order of 10 pg were achieved.…”

Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry for Environmental Analysis

“…API-MS techniques of electrospray, ion spray and APCI have been used to determine a wide variety of pesticides and herbicides (21,27,(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Triazine, organophosphorus, carbamate, and chlorinated acid herbicides or pesticides have been the major classes analyzed by API-MS.…”

“…Under APCI conditions, separation of organophosphorus compounds could be done using a 3.9 χ 300 mm column at 1 mL/min (30). Pneumatic-assisted electrospray LC/MS has been demonstrated for the separation of selected carbamates on a 1 χ 150 mm column or 0.32 χ 150 mm perfusion column operating at a flow rate in the range of 50-100 uL/min (32) and for the separation of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides on a 3 χ 125 mm column operating at 0.25 mL/min (34). Electrospray LC/MS was demonstrated to separate several carbamate pesticides using a capillary C 18 column (0.32 χ 150 mm) at 4 uL/min (29).…”

Liquid Chromatographic- Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analysis of Persistent Pollutants: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Organochlorine Compounds and Perfluorinated Compounds

“…The use of LC/MS has rapidly increased in the past decade thanks to the development and the improvement of LC/MS interfaces, such as electrospray interface (ESI) [5,6] and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) [7]. LC/MS is now one of the dominant analytical techniques in quantitative determination because of its high sensitivity and selectivity in addition to the ease of use offered LC/MS systems [8].…”