Atoms in Gaseous and Solid States and their Energy and Force Relationships under Transitional Behaviors

Abstract

By recalling the conventional studies of the atoms, it is possible to discover the new insights tackling the present and future challenges. Atoms of different elements are formed by the electrons and energy knots. In different elements, atoms are recognized on the basis of numbers of electrons and energy knots. The intercrossing of photons in fixed lengths and numbers constructs the lattice of an atom depending on how many filled and unfilled states in its element are allocated. In intercrossing, the centers of the overt photons remain fixed at a common point. Gaseous atoms keep different schemes of intercrossing overt photons from solid atoms. Except for hydrogen atom, the atoms possess the same valency as specified for them. In the hydrogen atom, two electrons are occupied by the two energy knots. In the helium atom, four electrons are occupied by the four energy knots. A helium atom is related to the zeroth ring in all higher order atoms. In order to validate these aforementioned statements, the concept of considering protons and neutrons is no longer significant. As far as the gaseous atoms are concerned, electrons possess minimum required potential energy. In more than half the length, the electrons remain above the middle of occupied energy knots in the gaseous atoms. Electrons keep on experiencing maximum required levitational force along the north pole. In solid atoms, electrons possess maximum required potential energy. In more than half the length, the electrons remain below the middle of occupied energy knots in the solid atoms. Electrons keep on experiencing maximum required gravitational force along the south pole. Under the established relation of energy and force, atoms undertake the transition states. In the transition, electrons of the atom deal with infinitesimal displacements by remaining within the occupied energy knots. Related orientational force keeps on exerting to the electrons introducing the recovery, neutral, re-crystallization and liquid states for their atoms. In the conversion of gaseous atom into the liquid state, electrons left to the center of atom orientate north to east clockwise, and electrons right to the centre of atom orientate north to west anti-clockwise. In the conversion of solid atom into the liquid state, electrons left to the center of atom orientate south to east anti-clockwise, and electrons right to the center of atom orientate south to west clockwise. These fundamental revolutions shed new light on the development of science and engineering of materials.