ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and CDKN1C gene expression in the prediction of lymph nodes metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma

The Spectroscopic Similarity between Breast Cancer Tissues and Lymph Nodes Obtained from Patients with and without Recurrence: A Preliminary Study

“…Moreover, Ya-Qi et al showed that the level of lipids and proteins in the FTIR spectra in the LNs with cancer cells was higher than in the FTIR spectra collected from the LN without cancer cells [ 39 ]. In addition, Silva et al showed differences in the chemical compositions in the IR region corresponding to proteins and lipids [ 40 ], which correspond with results presented in this work ( Figure 3 ). These authors showed changes in the amount of lipids and proteins, as well in the structure of described chemical compounds.…”

Metabolic Profile Characterization of Different Thyroid Nodules Using FTIR Spectroscopy: A Review

“…However, there is still a study that, despite showing significant differences between the spectra of the NG and thyroid carcinoma groups, similarly to previous studies, in practically all regions of the spectrum demonstrates the inexistence of these differences in the protein region (amide I and amide II signals) [77]. In this process of differentiation between normal, benign and/or malignant thyroid samples, there are studies that show the great importance of DNA and of some small metabolic products, as DNA metabolism is increased in tumor samples, as verified, although sometimes with less significance, with proteins [62,67,69,79]. Accordingly, there are several studies that also show an alteration in lipid metabolism in tumor thyroid tissues, due to the increased consumption of lipids (differences observed in 4000−2500 cm −1 and 1700 cm −1 ), as well as carbohydrates (differences observed in fingerprint region: 1500−600 cm −1 ), by these malignant tissues, thus resulting in a decreased absorbance when comparing malignant thyroid samples with the normal ones in the regions corresponding to these biomolecules [63,67,70,79].…”

“…Nevertheless, over the past few years, the metabolomics approach in terms of thyroid diagnosis has shown an enormous evolution, which is due, in part, to the application of several analytical techniques that allow the study of the complete set of small biomolecules that make up a biological sample. The main metabolomics techniques that have mostly been adopted in the thyroid, in an attempt to identify biomarkers, classify the thyroid cancer, facilitate an earlier diagnosis and prevent the development and invasion at the systemic level of the cancer itself, are Mass Spectrometry (MS) [53][54][55], Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [53,56,57], Raman Spectroscopy [58][59][60] and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]. This increase in the number of studies is attributed to the greater availability of improved and accurate metabolomics techniques that exist and also due to the development of appropriate statistical tools that are able to handle the huge amount of data resulting from the samples under analysis [80].…”

“…As previously mentioned, in order to improve the prognosis of patients who present thyroid carcinomas, and taking into account that the majority of these nodular thyroid lesions are receptive to medical and surgical management, it is important to use diagnostic methods that allow their early detection; FTIR spectroscopy seems to be an excellent option to be applied in this context [47]. The available thyroid cancer studies discriminate and characterize both healthy and pathological thyroid samples and the analysis is performed in tissue anatomic pieces obtained after thyroidectomy [61,[66][67][68][69][70][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79], in cytological samples obtained from the realization of FNA biopsies [62,72,75] or even through the application of the FTIR spectroscopy technique in a non-invasive way; that is, applied to the skin surface on thyroid nodules [63][64][65]71].…”

Differences in Gene Expression Profile of Primary Tumors in Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma—Do They Exist?

“…In contrast to our knowledge regarding the impact of mutations, as discussed above, the data linking gene expression profile and the risk of PTC spread are scarce and are mostly directed at the risk of nodal rather than distant metastases [28][29][30][31]. As nodal metastases do not preclude excellent prognosis, these attempts did not translate into clinically useful predictor.…”