Attitudes towards use of anabolic–androgenic steroids among Ghanaian high school students

Sagoe, Dominic; Torsheim, Torbjørn; Molde, Helge; Andreassen, Cecilie Schou; Pallesen, Ståle

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.004

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(185 reference statements)

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“…2014a) and Ghana (Sagoe et al . ), suggesting that AAS use is a global and cross cultural/ethnicities phenomenon.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forty-two out of sixty-one quantitative and qualitative studies reviewed (see Tables 8 and 9) concern AAS, which is the most commonly used IPED (Pope et al 2014b). While previous indications were that AAS use was largely a Western trend (Kanayama (Sagoe et al 2015b), suggesting that AAS use is a global and cross cultural/ethnicities phenomenon.…”

Section: Extent Of Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Brennan

Wells

Hout

2016

Health Soc Care Community

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Injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population is a public health concern. A wide and varied range of IPED are now easily accessible to all through the online market. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken according to Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) guidelines for systematic review, to identify the relevant literature. No date restrictions were placed on the database search in the case of human growth hormone melanotan I and II, and oil and cosmetic injectables. In the case of anabolic androgenic steroids search dates were restricted to January 2014-2015. Publications not in English and with a lack of specificity to the topic were excluded. The review yielded 133 relevant quantitative and qualitative papers, clinical trials, clinical case presentations and editorials/reports. Findings were examined/reviewed under emergent themes which identified/measured extent of use, user profiling, sourcing, product endorsement, risk behaviours and health outcomes in users. Motivation for IPED use may be grounded in appearance, pursuit of health and youth, and body image disturbance. IPED users can practice moderated use, with pathological use linked to high-risk behaviours, which may be normalised within IPED communities. Many IPED trajectories and pathways of use are not scientifically documented. Much of this information may be available online in IPED specific discussion forums, an underutilised setting for research, where uncensored discourse takes place among users. This review underscores the need for future internet and clinical research to investigate prevalence and patterns of injecting use, and to map health outcomes in IPED users. This paper provides community-based clinical practice and health promotion services with a detailed examination and analysis of the injecting use of IPED, highlighting the patterns of this public health issue. It serves to disseminate updated publication information to health and social policy makers and those in health service practice who are involved in harm reduction intervention.

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“…2014a) and Ghana (Sagoe et al . ), suggesting that AAS use is a global and cross cultural/ethnicities phenomenon.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extent Of Usementioning

confidence: 99%

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Brennan

Wells

Hout

2016

Health Soc Care Community

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…International attention to IPED use has increased over recent decades. Research from the USA, Scandinavia, UK and other European countries dominates, although emerging evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa , Latin America and the Middle East suggests that IPED prevalence in these regions may also be significant. Very little research to date has explored IPED use among cultural and ethnic diasporas .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and blood‐borne virus testing among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs, Sydney, Australia

Rowe¹,

Berger²,

Yaseen³

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Review

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“…It has been estimated that the lifetime prevalence of AAS use is around 0.1 % in women [ 4 ]. Questionnaire surveys indicate that the numbers may be even higher among adolescent girls where lifetime prevalence values of 0.1–7.3 % have been reported [ 4 – 8 ]. However, some of these studies have probably over-estimated the prevalence since the questions used sometimes failed to distinguish between anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, and over-the-counter supplements that the respondents might have confused with steroids [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruitment to doping and help-seeking behavior of eight female AAS users

Börjesson

Gårevik

Rane

et al. 2016

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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BackgroundDoping with anabolic androgenic steroids in sports has now developed to a widespread use of these agents among young people outside the sport. This is of major concern to the society. The purpose of the use is mainly for aesthetic reasons and is seen as a male phenomenon. But use also occurs in women where the knowledge is scarce. Our aim was to identify the pattern of doping agents in eight female cases and compare them with similar data from men.MethodsEight female users were recruited through Anti-Doping Hot-Line, a national telephone counseling service on doping issues during the years 1998–2004. The use was confirmed with urine doping analysis at the Doping Laboratory. The characteristic of use, co-use of narcotics/other doping agents, exercise pattern, adverse-side effects, family history and reason to begin was evaluated.ResultsThe women used on average 1.9 different anabolic androgenic steroids and clenbuterol preparations. Ephedrine and growth hormone were co-used in five and one of the women, respectively. Three women reported co-use of narcotics (cannabis and cocaine).The average duration of anabolic agent use before contacting health care was 58 weeks (range 7–104). Side effects for anabolic androgenic steroids (n = 5) included voice changes, clitoral enlargement, body hair growth, whereas women using clenbuterol (n = 2) reported tachycardia and depression. All women except one had a man in close relationship encouraging them to begin with the doping agents.ConclusionsThe use of doping agents in our eight women was different from that in male users. The women used less doping agents and were more prone to contact the health care, at an earlier stage, probably due to the adverse effects. The co-use with ephedrine, growth hormone and cannabis appeared to be in the same range as in men. This is the first study showing that a man in close relationship may motivate a woman to use anabolic agents.

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Attitudes towards use of anabolic–androgenic steroids among Ghanaian high school students

Abstract: The high prevalence of use and intent to use AAS among Ghanaian high school students should be of concern to authorities.

Cited by 8 publications

References 141 publications

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Risk and blood‐borne virus testing among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs, Sydney, Australia

Recruitment to doping and help-seeking behavior of eight female AAS users

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