Auditory Cortical Activity after Intracortical Microstimulation and Its Role for Sensory Processing and Learning

Deliano, Matthias; Scheich, Henning; Ohl, Frank W.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1949-09.2009

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…1 A and B, Upper). As a measure of discrimination performance, we further calculated d′ derived from signal detection theory to quantify the sensitivity of discrimination independent of experimental conditions biasing the response of an animal (Materials and Methods) (20). In both groups, d′ values showed a similar increase with sessions during the initial training phase 1, reaching values above 1 in the last three sessions of this phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…) discriminate the direction of linear FM modulations (250 ms tone with 5 ms linear onset and offset ramps, 250 ms pause, 4 s duration; rising, 2-4 kHz; falling, 4-2 kHz) as conditioned go/no go stimuli (CS+/CS-) in an active avoidance paradigm (18,47). As unconditioned stimulus, foot shocks were administered through a metal floor grid individually adjusted for each animal (150-600 mA) to elicit comparable response strengths for the escape behavior (18,20) (Fig. S4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S4). Discrimination sensitivity was quantified by d′ values (20), with a d′ of 1.0 corresponding to a signal discrimination strength of one SD above noise.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our study now implicates that controlled ECM modulation might even bear potential to guide neuroplastic changes and support reprogramming and relearning of impaired cortical processing by improved experience-dependent fine-tuning without interfering with remaining functions. Invasive therapeutic approaches based on plastic reorganizations, as for instance in specific forms of deep brain stimulation (45) or auditory prostheses (20,46), might, henceforth, include local activation or supply of ECM-modifying enzymes promoting synaptic rearrangements and stabilization for longlasting successful treatment.…”

Section: Potential Cellular Mechanisms Of Ecm-derived Modulation Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex

Happel

Niekisch²,

Rivera³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

150

118

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During brain maturation, the occurrence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) terminates juvenile plasticity by mediating structural stability. Interestingly, enzymatic removal of the ECM restores juvenile forms of plasticity, as for instance demonstrated by topographical reconnectivity in sensory pathways. However, to which degree the mature ECM is a compromise between stability and flexibility in the adult brain impacting synaptic plasticity as a fundamental basis for learning, lifelong memory formation, and higher cognitive functions is largely unknown. In this study, we removed the ECM in the auditory cortex of adult Mongolian gerbils during specific phases of cortex-dependent auditory relearning, which was induced by the contingency reversal of a frequency-modulated tone discrimination, a task requiring high behavioral flexibility. We found that ECM removal promoted a significant increase in relearning performance, without erasing already establishedthat is, learned-capacities when continuing discrimination training. The cognitive flexibility required for reversal learning of previously acquired behavioral habits, commonly understood to mainly rely on frontostriatal circuits, was enhanced by promoting synaptic plasticity via ECM removal within the sensory cortex. Our findings further suggest experimental modulation of the cortical ECM as a tool to open short-term windows of enhanced activitydependent reorganization allowing for guided neuroplasticity.chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan | hyaluronidase | perineuronal net | intracortical microinjection | strategy change S tructural remodeling and stabilization of synaptic networks are key mechanisms underlying learning in the adult brain. During early life, high structural and functional plasticity is required for the experience-shaped development of basic neuronal circuits (1). With brain maturation, juvenile plasticity of so-called critical or sensitive periods is decreased and is accompanied by the appearance of the brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) and its specialized compact form named "perineuronal net" (PNN) enwrappping cell bodies and synaptic contacts (2, 3). Enzymatic degradation of the ECM in adult animals has been demonstrated to restore such forms of developmental (juvenile) plasticity with respect to topographical map plasticity in the visual cortex (4), fearresponse-mediating circuits in the amygdala (5), spinal cord injuries (6, 7), and song learning circuits of zebra finches (8). In addition, enzymatic ECM removal altered several forms of synaptic plasticity in vitro and in vivo (9-12). However, even though structural stability of networks acquired during developmental phases is essential for neuronal efficiency, mechanisms allowing synaptic remodeling are key events during learning and memory formation throughout life (13). We recently demonstrated that endogenous proteases moderately digesting specific components of the ECM are regulated in an activity-dependent manner (2, 14) and ECM removal modulates synaptic short-term plasticity by synaptic e...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S4). Discrimination sensitivity was quantified by d′ values (20), with a d′ of 1.0 corresponding to a signal discrimination strength of one SD above noise.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Cellular Mechanisms Of Ecm-derived Modulation Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex

Happel

Niekisch²,

Rivera³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

150

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This study, and numerous ones that followed using more advanced an elaborate multichannel stimulators (Merzenich et al, 1974;Loeb et al, 1983), eventually led to the development of the most successful neuroprosthesis to date, the cochlear implant. To date there has remained high interest in prosthetic hearing with ongoing investigations of auditory brainstem (Edgerton et al, 1982) and cortical (Deliano et al, 2009) auditory prostheses. Foerster and colleagues (1936) were among the first to report that stimulation of the occipital lobe produced visual sensations, a finding that was expanded upon in by Penfield & Rasmussen (1952).…”

Section: Auditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Machine-Brain Interface

O’Doherty¹

2015

Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience

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I first show that a direct intracortical signal can be used to instruct rhesus monkeys about the direction of a reach to make with a BMI. Rhesus monkeys placed an actuator over an instruction target and obtained, from the target's artificial texture, information about the correct reach path. Initially these somatosensory instructions took the form of vibrotactile stimulation of the hands. Next, ICMS of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) iv in one monkey and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in another was substituted for this peripheral somatosensory signal. Finally, the monkeys made direct brain-controlled reaches using the activity of ensembles of primary motor cortex (M1) cells, conditional on the ICMS cues. The monkey receiving ICMS of S1 was able to achieve the same level of proficiency with ICMS as with the stimulus delivered to the skin of the hand. The monkey receiving ICMS of PPC was unable to perform the task above chance. This experiment indicates that ICMS of S1 can form the basis of an afferent prosthetic input to the brain for guiding brain-controlled prostheses.I next show that ICMS of S1 can provide feedback about the interactions of a virtualreality upper-limb avatar and virtual objects, enabling active touch. Rhesus monkeys initially controlled the avatar with the movements of their arms and used it to search through sets of up to three objects. Feedback in the form of temporal patterns of ICMS occurred whenever the avatar touched a virtual object. Monkeys learned to use this feedback to find the objects with particular artificial textures, as encoded by the ICMS patterns, and select those associated with reward while avoiding selecting the non-rewarded objects. Next, the control of the avatar was switched to direct brain-control and the monkeys continued to move the avatar with motor commands derived from the extracellular neuronal activity of M1 cells. The afferent and efferent modules of this BMBI were temporally interleaved, and as such did not interfere with each other, yet allowed effectively concurrent operation. Cortical motor neurons were measured while the monkey passively observed the movements of the avatar and were found to be modulated, a result that suggests that concurrent visual and artificial somatosensory feedback lead to the incorporation of the avatar into the monkey's internal brain representation. In summary, rhesus monkeys were augmented with a bidirectional neural interface that allowed them to make reaches to objects and discriminate them by their textures-all without making actual movements and without relying on somatic sensation from their real bodies. Both action and perception were mediated by the brain-machine-brain interface.I probed the sensitivity of the afferent leg of the interface to precise temporal patterns of ICMS. Moreover, I describe evidence that the BMBI controlled avatar was incorporated into the monkey's internal brain representation. These results suggest that future clinical neuroprostheses could implement realistic feedback about object-actuator in...

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The Sensory Neocortex and Associative Memory

Aschauer

Rumpel

2016

Behavioral Neuroscience of Learning and Memory

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Most behaviors in mammals are directly or indirectly guided by prior experience and therefore depend on the ability of our brains to form memories. The ability to form an association between an initially possibly neutral sensory stimulus and its behavioral relevance is essential for our ability to navigate in a changing environment. The formation of a memory is a complex process involving many areas of the brain. In this chapter we review classic and recent work that has shed light on the specific contribution of sensory cortical areas to the formation of associative memories. We discuss synaptic and circuit mechanisms that mediate plastic adaptations of functional properties in individual neurons as well as larger neuronal populations forming topographically organized representations. Furthermore, we describe commonly used behavioral paradigms that are used to study the mechanisms of memory formation. We focus on the auditory modality that is receiving increasing attention for the study of associative memory in rodent model systems. We argue that sensory cortical areas may play an important role for the memory-dependent categorical recognition of previously encountered sensory stimuli.

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Auditory Cortical Activity after Intracortical Microstimulation and Its Role for Sensory Processing and Learning

Cited by 34 publications

References 43 publications

Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex

Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex

Brain-Machine-Brain Interface

The Sensory Neocortex and Associative Memory

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