Auditory Cortical Neurons Respond to Somatosensory Stimulation

Fu, Kai-Ming; Johnston, Taylor A.; Shah, Ankoor S.; Arnold, Lori L.; Smiley, John F.; Hackett, Troy A.; Garraghty, Preston E.; Schroeder, Charles E.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-20-07510.2003

Cited by 304 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These recent results were highly complementary to the pioneer works of Schroeder's laboratory that have revealed the multimodal feature of the monkey auditory belt where both visual and somatosensory responses can be evoked (Schroeder et al, 2001;Schroeder and Foxe, 2002;Fu et al, 2003). In the carnivore, while previous studies have reported that the visual cortex can be activated by auditory stimuli (Spinelli et al, 1968;Morrell, 1972;Fishman and Michael, 1973), intracellular recording in the primary visual cortex (A17) have recently failed to find such auditory responses (Sanchez-Vives et al, 2006).…”

Section: Electrophysiological Evidence In the Primary Sensory Areassupporting

confidence: 65%

Multisensory anatomical pathways

2009

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In order to interact with the multisensory world that surrounds us, we must integrate various sources of sensory information (vision, hearing, touch. . .). A fundamental question is thus how the brain integrates the separate elements of an object defined by several sensory components to form a unified percept. The superior colliculus was the main model for studying multisensory integration. At the cortical level, until recently, multisensory integration appeared to be a characteristic attributed to high-level association regions. First, we describe recently observed direct cortico-cortical connections between different sensory cortical areas in the non-human primate and discuss the potential role of these connections. Then, we show that the projections between different sensory and motor cortical areas and the thalamus enabled us to highlight the existence of thalamic nuclei that, by their connections, may represent an alternative pathway for information transfer between different sensory and/or motor cortical areas. The thalamus is in position to allow a faster transfer and even an integration of information across modalities. Finally, we discuss the role of these non-specific connections regarding behavioral evidence in the monkey and recent electrophysiological evidence in the primary cortical sensory areas.

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Section: Electrophysiological Evidence In the Primary Sensory Areassupporting

confidence: 65%

Multisensory anatomical pathways

2009

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“…The reported instances extend from somatosensory inputs to the cochlear nucleus through to bidirectional interactions between auditory and somatosensory cortex (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). There is also evidence that somatosensory inputs affect auditory perceptual function including cases involving speech (8,23,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory plasticity and speech motor learning

Nasir

Ostry

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Is plasticity in sensory and motor systems linked? Here, in the context of speech motor learning and perception, we test the idea sensory function is modified by motor learning and, in particular, that speech motor learning affects a speaker's auditory map. We assessed speech motor learning by using a robotic device that displaced the jaw and selectively altered somatosensory feedback during speech. We found that with practice speakers progressively corrected for the mechanical perturbation and after motor learning they also showed systematic changes in their perceptual classification of speech sounds. The perceptual shift was tied to motor learning. Individuals that displayed greater amounts of learning also showed greater perceptual change. Perceptual change was not observed in control subjects that produced the same movements, but in the absence of a force field, nor in subjects that experienced the force field but failed to adapt to the mechanical load. The perceptual effects observed here indicate the involvement of the somatosensory system in the neural processing of speech sounds and suggest that speech motor learning results in changes to auditory perceptual function.sensorimotor adaptation ͉ speech perception ͉ speech production A s a child learns to talk, or as an adult learns a new language, a growing mastery of oral fluency is matched by an increase in the ability to distinguish different speech sounds (1-5). Although these abilities may develop in isolation, it is also possible that speech motor learning alters a speaker's auditory map. This study offers a direct test of this hypothesis, that speech motor learning, and, in particular, somatosensory inputs associated with learning, affect the auditory classification of speech sounds (6-8). We assessed speech learning by using a robotic device that displaced the jaw and modified somatosensory input without altering speech acoustics (9-11). We found that even though auditory feedback was unchanged over the course of learning, subjects classify the same speech sounds differently after motor learning than before. Moreover, the perceptual shift was observed only in subjects that displayed motor learning. Subjects that failed to adapt to the mechanical load showed no perceptual shift even though they experienced the same force field as subjects that showed learning. Our findings are consistent with the idea that speech learning affects not only the motor system but also involves changes to sensory areas of the brain. ResultsTo explore the idea that speech motor learning affects auditory perception, we trained healthy adults in a force-field learning task (12, 13) in which a robotic device applied a mechanical load to the jaw as subjects repeated aloud test utterances that were chosen randomly from a set of four possibilities (bad, had, mad, sad) (Fig. 1). The test utterances were displayed on a computer monitor that was placed in front of the subjects. The mechanical load was velocity-dependent and acted to displace the jaw in a protrusion direction, al...

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“…Physiological support for this hypothesis came from several studies in which sensitivity to spatial features was observed in the caudal belt, including CM (Recanzone, 2000;Recanzone et al, 2004;Recanzone et al, 2000b;Tian et al, 2001;Woods et al, 2006). Additional insight into the role of CM came from the discovery of multisensory integration in this area (Fu et al, 2003;Schroeder et al, 2001). A subpopulation of neurons in CM were found to be responsive to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation.…”

Section: The Role Of CM In Auditory Cortical Processingmentioning

confidence: 97%