Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review

Longo, Umile Giuseppe; Salvatore, Sergio De; Candela, Vincenzo; Zollo, Giuliano; Calabrese, Giovanni; Fioravanti, Sara; Giannone, Lucia; Marchetti, Anna; Marinis, Maria Grazia De; Denaro, Vincenzo

doi:10.3390/app11073253

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…A remarkable application of VR and AR HMDs is to increase safety and accuracy in the field of surgery while minimizing complications and costs (Longo et al 2021). During surgical procedures, AR HMDs might be employed to display relevant and assistive information in a congruent 3D space on top of the operating table (Andrews et al 2019;Longo et al 2021). The IVR HMDs are used during preoperative planning and simulation training to practice specific motor skills in a safe environment (Longo et al 2021).…”

Section: General Applications Of Hmdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During surgical procedures, AR HMDs might be employed to display relevant and assistive information in a congruent 3D space on top of the operating table (Andrews et al 2019;Longo et al 2021). The IVR HMDs are used during preoperative planning and simulation training to practice specific motor skills in a safe environment (Longo et al 2021). Several principles of motor learning have been gained from IVR-based surgery experiments (Maier et al 2019).…”

Section: General Applications Of Hmdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, during surgery training, a strong interest lies in trainees visualizing their movements as they would do in real settings (i.e., task-specific training) to maximize the transfer of the learned skills into real life. Some HMDs are exploited in these training environments as they allow the reproduction of depth cues that are meaningful for the surgeons during the actual procedures (Longo et al 2021;Lungu et al 2021).…”

Section: General Applications Of Hmdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

et al. 2021

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Virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool to promote motor (re)learning in healthy users and brain-injured patients. However, in current VR-based motor training, movements of the users performed in a three-dimensional space are usually visualized on computer screens, televisions, or projection systems, which lack depth cues (2D screen), and thus, display information using only monocular depth cues. The reduced depth cues and the visuospatial transformation from the movements performed in a three-dimensional space to their two-dimensional indirect visualization on the 2D screen may add cognitive load, reducing VR usability, especially in users suffering from cognitive impairments. These 2D screens might further reduce the learning outcomes if they limit users’ motivation and embodiment, factors previously associated with better motor performance. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of more immersive technologies using head-mounted displays (HMDs). As a first step towards potential clinical implementation, we ran an experiment with 20 healthy participants who simultaneously performed a 3D motor reaching and a cognitive counting task using: (1) (immersive) VR (IVR) HMD, (2) augmented reality (AR) HMD, and (3) computer screen (2D screen). In a previous analysis, we reported improved movement quality when movements were visualized with IVR than with a 2D screen. Here, we present results from the analysis of questionnaires to evaluate whether the visualization technology impacted users’ cognitive load, motivation, technology usability, and embodiment. Reports on cognitive load did not differ across visualization technologies. However, IVR was more motivating and usable than AR and the 2D screen. Both IVR and AR rea ched higher embodiment level than the 2D screen. Our results support our previous finding that IVR HMDs seem to be more suitable than the common 2D screens employed in VR-based therapy when training 3D movements. For AR, it is still unknown whether the absence of benefit over the 2D screen is due to the visualization technology per se or to technical limitations specific to the device.

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Section: General Applications Of Hmdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Applications Of Hmdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Applications Of Hmdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

et al. 2021

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“…Nowadays, virtual reality (VR) is increasingly more used in diagnosis and preoperative planning of surgical procedures; some examples come from orthopedic surgery [ 22 , 23 ], but also several applications in maxillofacial surgery have been described [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Predictable Approach of a Rare and Frequently Misdiagnosed Entity: Laryngeal Nerve Schwannoma

et al. 2021

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(1) Background: Schwannoma, a mesenchymal neoplasm derived from Schwann cells that line peripheral nerve sheaths, has a challenging diagnosis, due to the non-specific medical history and clinical examination. Nowadays, virtual reality (VR) is increasingly more used for enhancing diagnosis and for preoperative planning of surgical procedures. With VR, the surgeon can interact, before any surgery, with a virtual environment that is completely generated by a computer, offering them a real experience inside a virtual 3D model. (2) Methods and Results: The aim of the present paper was to present a case of surgically removal of a schwannoma, which originated from the fibers of the superior laryngeal nerve, in a predictable and minimally invasive fashion, upon using VR for diagnosis and surgical procedure planning. (3) Conclusions: The current clinical report attracted the attention of including schwannoma in the possible differential diagnosis of a swelling in the anterior cervical region, mainly when a nonspecific radiological appearance is noticed, even with the use of multiple imaging modalities. Virtual reality can increase the predictability and success rate of the surgical procedure, being in the meantime a good tool for communication with the patient.

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“…Therefore, it is worth elucidating knowledge on CBCT applications that estimate delivered dosage using Geant4 simulation toolkit. Bibliometric analysis in academic medicine is a relatively new suitable method to analyze a large amount of information extracted from scientific databases by using quantitative tools [84][85][86][87][88]. The aim of this systematic review (SR) is to investigate the most impactful and influential studies on CBCT applications using Geant4 architecture to estimate the dose, unraveling the following research questions (RQ): A holistic understanding of these results may contribute to the development of new theoretical and applied works that can be used to support new research from this field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose Estimation by Geant4-Based Simulations for Cone-Beam CT Applications: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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The last two decades have witnessed increasing use of X-ray imaging and, hence, the exposure of humans to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. Computed tomography accounts for the largest portion of medically-related X-ray exposure. Accurate knowledge of ionizing radiation dose from Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) imaging is of great importance to estimate radiation risks and justification of imaging exposures. This work aimed to review the published evidence on CBCT dose estimation by focusing on studies that employ Geant4-based toolkits to estimate radiation dosage. A systematic review based on a scientometrics approach was conducted retrospectively, from January 2021, for a comprehensive overview of the trend, thematic focus, and scientific production in this topic. The search was conducted using WOS, PubMed, and Scopus databases, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. In total, 93 unique papers were found, of which only 34 met the inclusion criteria. We opine that the findings of this study provides a basis to develop accurate simulations of CBCT equipment for optimizing the trade-off between clinical benefit and radiation risk.

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Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review

Cited by 32 publications

References 57 publications

Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

A Predictable Approach of a Rare and Frequently Misdiagnosed Entity: Laryngeal Nerve Schwannoma

Dose Estimation by Geant4-Based Simulations for Cone-Beam CT Applications: A Systematic Review

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