Austere Conservation: Understanding Conflicts over Resource Governance in Tanzanian Wildlife Management Areas

Bluwstein, Jevgeniy; Moyo, Francis; Kicheleri, Rose P.

doi:10.4103/0972-4923.191156

Cited by 65 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The success record of CBNRM in general is highly variable (Kellert et al , Tallis et al , Brooks et al , Brooks ), and the socio‐economic performance of WMAs has been criticized (Benjaminsen et al , Bamford et al , Bluwstein et al , Moyo et al ). However, evidence is beginning to indicate that positive social and ecological outcomes can result from WMA projects (Tetra Tech and Maliasili Initiatives , Pailler et al , Salerno et al , Lee and Bond ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been several social and economic analyses of WMAs (Benjaminsen et al , Tetra Tech and Maliasili Initiatives , Bluwstein et al , Moyo et al , Salerno et al ), but data are scarce on the ecological effectiveness of WMAs for wildlife conservation (Lee and Bond ). Quantifying ecological effectiveness is important for evaluating specific projects and the general concept of CBNRM (Ferraro and Pressey ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area

Lee

2018

J Wildl Manag

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In Tanzania, community‐based natural resource management (CBNRM) of wildlife occurs through wildlife management areas (WMAs). The WMAs consist of multiple villages designating land and managing it for wildlife conservation in return for a portion of subsequent tourism revenues. The ecological success or failure of WMAs for wildlife conservation is rarely quantified but is important for evaluating the efficacy of specific projects and the general concept of CBNRM. I used 3 analyses to evaluate the ecological effectiveness of wildlife conservation actions in the Burunge WMA. I compared wildlife and livestock densities inside and outside a WMA using 1 year of distance sampling data and compared wild and domestic ungulate densities before and after the implementation of management changes that increased wildlife protections within a subsection of Burunge WMA using 6 years of distance sampling surveys. I also compared giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) survival and population growth rate before and after the implementation of management changes that increased wildlife protections in a subsection of Burunge WMA using 5 years of photographic capture‐recapture data. I found greater densities of wildlife and lower densities of livestock inside the WMA compared with outside. After the management changes, I documented significantly higher densities of several wild ungulate species and lower densities of domestic ungulates in the WMA. I found giraffe survival and population growth rate both increased in response to the management changes. Results indicated the WMA is effectively providing habitat and protection for wild ungulates while generally excluding domestic livestock. Ungulate densities, and giraffe survival and population growth rate over time indicated the management changes enacted in 2014–2015 resulted in positive effects for wild ungulates. These combined results indicate the ecological effectiveness of Burunge WMA and provide evidence that CBNRM can have positive effects on wildlife populations, particularly when support to grassroots law enforcement is provided. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area

Lee

2018

J Wildl Manag

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“…However, strategies for creating positive synergies between social and ecological goals remain challenging. In Northern Tanzania, despite the rhetoric of community-based conservation, local knowledge and needs are often sidelined (Goldman 2003, Bluwstein et al 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Well-being and conservation: diversity and change in visions of a good life among the Maasai of northern Tanzania

Woodhouse¹,

McCabe²

2018

E&S

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ABSTRACT. The Simanjiro plains, east of Tarangire National Park in Northern Tanzania are a key dispersal area for wildlife, and are of vital importance to Maasai pastoral livelihoods, which are rapidly diversifying. Diversification is coupled with fragmentation of the rangelands as agriculture expands and multiple actors compete for land. These changes reflect transformations occurring across pastoral rangelands, and pose the broader challenge of reconciling conservation and development objectives. We propose that qualitative research using a three-dimensional human well-being framework, encompassing material, relational, and subjective aspects, can inform locally legitimate and socially just conservation. Through semistructured group interviews across four villages, we explore well-being conceptions of Maasai men and women in Simanjiro. In particular we focus on the value of understanding social complexity for conservation research in the form of (i) the heterogeneity of conceptions of well-being across gender, age groups, and villages; (ii) temporal dynamics in notions and experiences. Material assets, namely land (for grazing and agriculture) and livestock are important to people but are intertwined with other aspects of well-being. Subjective well-being is centered on concerns about future security, especially with regards to land. Autonomy and social unity (relational dimension) are key priorities. We reflect on the implications for conservation at the study site, and more broadly on how well-being can better be incorporated into policy and practice that takes social justice seriously. The diversity we find in well-being priorities and experiences shows the importance of taking a disaggregated approach that conceptualizes benefits and burdens across a range of locally important well-being components ensuring the priorities of the most marginalized groups are represented.

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“…The land administration powers bestowed on village councils by the Local Government Act of 1982 and reinforced with the 1999 Village Land Act No. 5 are thereby handed over to these newly established and weakly accountable institutions, resulting in often overly restrictive land use and management plans that foreclose alternative land use in WMA territories into the future (Bluwstein et al, ). CBOs are generally not willing to allow changes in WMA land use planning, and it is virtually impossible for dissenting communities or even entire villages to undo a WMA in practice, once it is established (Bluwstein et al, ; Bluwstein & Lund, ).…”

Section: Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Between dependence and deprivation: The interlocking nature of land alienation in Tanzania

Bluwstein

Lund

Askew

et al. 2018

Journal of Agrarian Change

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Studies of accumulation by dispossession in the Global South tend to focus on individual sectors, for example, large‐scale agriculture or nature conservation. Yet smallholder farmers and pastoralists are affected by multiple processes of land alienation. Drawing on the case of Tanzania, we illustrate the analytical purchase of a comprehensive examination of dynamics of land alienation across multiple sectors. To begin with, processes of land alienation through investments in agriculture, mining, conservation, and tourism dovetail with a growing social differentiation and class formation. These dynamics generate unequal patterns of land deprivation and accumulation that evolve in a context of continued land dependency for the vast majority of the rural population. Consequently, land alienation engenders responses by individuals and communities seeking to maintain control over their means of production. These responses include migration, land tenure formalization, and land transactions, that propagate across multiple localities and scales, interlocking with and further reinforcing the effects of land alienation. Various localized processes of primitive accumulation contribute to a scramble for land in the aggregate, providing justifications for policies that further drive land alienation.

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Austere Conservation: Understanding Conflicts over Resource Governance in Tanzanian Wildlife Management Areas

Cited by 65 publications

References 43 publications

Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area

Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area

Well-being and conservation: diversity and change in visions of a good life among the Maasai of northern Tanzania

Between dependence and deprivation: The interlocking nature of land alienation in Tanzania

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