Autism Spectrum Disorders in Iran

Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza; Salmanian, Maryam; Akhondzadeh, Shahin

doi:10.5772/38965

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Also, Matson and Kozlowski (2011) indicated an increased number of autism case among children in Norway, Canada, Iran, United States of America, United Arab Emirate, France, Iceland, Germany, Finland, Israel, and Britain from 1997 to 2011. In accordance with previous research, the prevalence of autism was reported by Mohammadi, Salmanian, & Akhondzadeh (2011) as, 19 per 1000 children in Iran.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mothers’ Depression and Stress, Severity of Autism among Children and Family Income

Athari

Ghaedi

Kosnin³

2013

Int. j. psychol. res.

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This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between mothers’ depression and stress compared with severity of autism in children and the effect of family income on the relationship between these two latter variables. Levels of depression and stress among mothers (n=250) were measured based on Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale of 42 items (DASS¬-42). The severity of autism among children was assessed by Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) according to children’s teachers reports (n=250). Family income was recorded based on mothers’ report and it was investigated as a mediator for the relationship between mothers’ depression-stress and severity of autism among children. Results showed that different incomes of mothers have significant effect on the level of depression and stress among mothers and the severity of autism; besides, results indicated that severity of autism in children changes with family income and mothers’ depression and stress-severity.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mothers’ Depression and Stress, Severity of Autism among Children and Family Income

Athari

Ghaedi

Kosnin³

2013

Int. j. psychol. res.

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“…Also, ASD is often associated with sensitivity to sound, touch and light. [12345] ASD is a multifactorial disorder, from genetic to environmental factors. [23] ASD affects male more than female and comorbidity (such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, depression, and obsessive- compulsive disorder) is common in more than 70% of individuals with ASD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12345] ASD is a multifactorial disorder, from genetic to environmental factors. [23] ASD affects male more than female and comorbidity (such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, depression, and obsessive- compulsive disorder) is common in more than 70% of individuals with ASD. [24] Also, advanced maternal,[6789101112] or paternal,[789101314] age in the offspring or both, is a consistent risk but it's underlying biology is not clear yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced parental age and risk of positive autism spectrum disorders screening

et al. 2019

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Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a life -long neurodevelopmental disorder and significantly influences the quality of life in children. The screening of ASD in children aged between 16-30 months to early detection and early intervention for better prognosis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the southwest of Iran (Yasuj) with dominant Lore ethnicity in 2017. A total of 1504 mother- child pairs with children aged between 16-30 months were selected through simple random sampling from the integrated national health system as the framework. ASD screening was implemented using the Modified checklist for autism in toddlers- revised, with follow-up interview (M-CHAT-R/F). Demographic data such as sex of children, and parental age at their time of pregnancy were collected for all children. Results: Risk of ASD was low, moderate and high in 1447 (96.2%), 54 (3.6%) and 3 (0.2%) in screening, respectively. The estimated rate of ASD prevalence was 80 per 10000 (12 out of 1504) or 1 in 125. Mother's age ≥35 ( P value = 0.002, OR = 11.65, CI 95% : 2.49-54.35) and father's age ≥40 ( P value = 0.0001, OR = 19.64, CI 95% : 4.89-78.82) were predicting factors of ASD in toddlers aged 16-30 months. Conclusions: Given that, increasing the age of marriage in Iran and recent trend towards delayed childbearing; children born to older parents are at a higher risk for having ASD. So, increasing the public awareness is necessary.

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“…Low levels or abnormalities in DA concentration may lead to several neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, restless legs syndrome and drug addiction. [1][2][3][4] It is, however, several analytical techniques have been developed for DA detection, including high performance liquid chromatography, 5 chemiluminescence 6 and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 7 but each technique has several disadvantages. On the other hand, electrochemical sensing is preferred alternative method because of simple operation, fast response, time savings, low-cost, high-sensitivity and excellent selectivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Dopamine by Dual Doped Graphene-Fe₂O₃in Presence of Ascorbic Acid

Yasmin

Ahmed

Jeon

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Both nitrogen and sulfur dual doped graphene supported Fe 2 O 3 (NSG-Fe 2 O 3 ) have been prepared by hydrothermal methods and subsequently utilized for the electrochemical determination of dopamine (DA) in presence of ascorbic acid (AA). The NSG-Fe 2 O 3 has been characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS). The electrochemical detection of DA was measured through the cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and amperometric techniques in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.4. Interferences have been investigated in presence of AA, glucose, serotonin, N 2 H 4 , and uric acid. The NSG-Fe 2 O 3 has shown good analytical performance for DA with comparatively better sensitivity (29.1 μA mM −1 ), long linear detection range (0.3-210 μM) and detection limit (0.035 μM) (S/N = 3). The catalytic rate constant for DA detection has been calculated as 9.6 × 10 4 M −1 s −1 with a good diffusion coefficient of 3.5 × 10 −4 cm 2 s −1 . The electrooxidation of DA may enhances by fast proton acceptance and/or electron donation due to higher electron density for excess loan pair electron that provided from N and S dual-doped graphene sheets. 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethylamine (dopamine, DA) plays a significant role as a neurotransmitter in the function of the central nervous, renal and hormonal system. Low levels or abnormalities in DA concentration may lead to several neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, restless legs syndrome and drug addiction.1-4 It is, however, several analytical techniques have been developed for DA detection, including high performance liquid chromatography, 5 chemiluminescence 6 and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 7 but each technique has several disadvantages. On the other hand, electrochemical sensing is preferred alternative method because of simple operation, fast response, time savings, low-cost, high-sensitivity and excellent selectivity. [8][9][10][11] Nevertheless, the electrochemical determination of DA is generally hindered by high concentration ascorbic acid (AA) which is another electroactive species that plays an important role in human metabolism and interfering species for DA sensing. Through the electrochemical method, it is difficult to sense DA selectively in the presence of high concentration AA, because these two species are responding nearly the same oxidation potential on the bare electrode, resulting in poor selectivity and sensitivity of DA detection. 12Graphene sheets are highly conductive and have 2D flat lattices consisting of a monolayer of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms. Due to high electrical conductivity and electron mobility, large surface area, long-term stability and unique mechanical flexibility, 13-15 graphene has attracted a great deal of research interest. Graphene has already been used in various fields, especially in catalysis, and sensors. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] The graphene sheets can be readily synthesiz...

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Autism Spectrum Disorders in Iran

Cited by 12 publications

References 68 publications

Mothers’ Depression and Stress, Severity of Autism among Children and Family Income

Mothers’ Depression and Stress, Severity of Autism among Children and Family Income

Advanced parental age and risk of positive autism spectrum disorders screening

Determination of Dopamine by Dual Doped Graphene-Fe₂O₃in Presence of Ascorbic Acid

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Autism Spectrum Disorders in Iran

Cited by 12 publications

References 68 publications

Mothers’ Depression and Stress, Severity of Autism among Children and Family Income

Mothers’ Depression and Stress, Severity of Autism among Children and Family Income

Advanced parental age and risk of positive autism spectrum disorders screening

Determination of Dopamine by Dual Doped Graphene-Fe2O3in Presence of Ascorbic Acid

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Product

Resources

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Determination of Dopamine by Dual Doped Graphene-Fe₂O₃in Presence of Ascorbic Acid