“…For decades, the major challenges that urologists are eager to overcome include the injury and function loss of urinary tissue caused by congenital disorders, inflammation, tumor, trauma, and degenerative diseases ( Drewa et al, 2012 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). For a long time, as a gold standard for clinical treatment, autologous tissue has played an important role in replacing damaged urinary system tissues, such as bladder mucosa, oral mucosa, and genital skin ( Jiang et al, 2018 ). However, its prominent limitations lie in the insufficient source of donor tissue, immune rejection, the essential difference of structure and function between the donor site and the transplantation site, as well as related various complications, including infection, stone formation, metabolic disorder, excessive mucus production, and so on ( Wang et al, 2021a ; Chen et al, 2021 ).…”