Automatic coulometric titration with photometric end-point detection

Amperometric, bipotentiometric, and coulometric titration

“…programmable desk calculator can control the whole system (80). Photometric monitoring has proved useful in automated devices, especially those designed for the determination of C02 or other acidic substances (29,33,40,118,170,171). Usually, the color change of thymolphthalein or similar indicator provides the prime signal.…”

A computer‐controlled potentiometric/spectrophotometric titrator

“…Implementation of spectral data gathering has involved the recording of absorbance at fixed wavelengths [8,12,13 and 14] and the use of a microprocessor-controlled scanning spectrophotometer [11]. More recently [10], a photodiode array detector was employed in a dedicated microprocessor-controlled titrator which afforded reduced data collection times.…”

“…the use of programmable microprocessors or microcomputers). Both methods have been successfully applied to potentiometric titrations [1-8] and to spectrophotometric/ potentiometric titrations [9][10][11][12][13]. Various approaches to the implementation of these techniques are delineated in figure 1.…”