Automatic music composition using answer set programming

Abstract

Music composition used to be a pen and paper activity. These days music is often composed with the aid of computer software, even to the point where the computer composes parts of the score autonomously. The composition of most styles of music is governed by rules. We show that by approaching the automation, analysis and verification of composition as a knowledge representation task and formalising these rules in a suitable logical language, powerful and expressive intelligent composition tools can be easily built. This application paper describes the use of answer set programming to construct an automated system, named Anton, that can compose melodic, harmonic and rhythmic music, diagnose errors in human compositions and serve as a computer-aided composition tool. The combination of harmonic, rhythmic and melodic composition in a single framework makes Anton unique in the growing area of algorithmic composition. With near real-time composition, Anton reaches the point where it can not only be used as a component in an interactive composition tool but also has the potential for live performances and concerts or automatically generated background music in a variety of applications. With the use of a fully declarative language and an “off-the-shelf” reasoning engine, Anton provides the human composer a tool which is significantly simpler, more compact and more versatile than other existing systems.

Markov Model Tabanli Çi̇ft Enstrumanli Müzi̇k Besteleme

“…Bu çalışmalarda iki farklı yaklaşım benimsenmiştir (Herremans, 2015): Olasılıksal modeller (Roig, 2014;Van der Merwe, 2011;Toivanen, 2013;Mazurowski, 2012;Salas, 2011;Holtzman, 1981;Tanaka, 2010;Lo & Lucas, 2006) ve optimizasyona dayalı modeller (Muñoz, 2016;Colombo, 2016;Puente, 2002;Burton, 1999;Hornel, 1998;Chen, 2001). Bunlara ek olarak bu iki yapıyı birlikte kullanan çalışmalar da yayınlanmıştır (Herremans, 2015;Boenn, 2011}. Olasılıksal modeller arasında farklı yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Üretici gramerler (Salas, 2011;Holtzman, 1981) doğal dil işleme yaklaşımıyla müzik üretimidir ve müzik notalarının bir alfabe olarak kabul edilip anlamsallık oluşturulması yoluyla çalışmaktadır.…”

Towards transformational creation of novel songs

“…However, we are not aware of any transformationally creative systems based on constraint programming. Boenn et al (2008) and Boenn, Brain, De Vos, and Ffitch (2011) have developed an extensive music composition system, Anton, using ASP to represent the musical knowledge and the rules of the system. Anton describes a model of musical composition as a collection of interacting constraints.…”

Answering the “why” in answer set programming – A survey of explanation approaches

“…A popular AI paradigm for decision-making and problem-solving is answer set programming (ASP) (Brewka et al 2011;Lifschitz 2008). It has proven useful in a variety of application areas, such as biology (Gebser et al 2011), psychology (Inclezan 2015;Balduccini and Girotto 2010), medicine (Erdem andÖztok 2015), and music composition (Boenn et al 2011). ASP is a declarative programming language used to specify a problem in terms of general inference rules and constraints, along with concrete information about the application scenario.…”