Autonomous vehicles in 5G and beyond: A survey

Hakak, Saqib; Gadekallu, Thippa Reddy; Maddikunta, Praveen Kumar Reddy; Koppu, Srinivas; Parimala, M.; Alwis, Chamitha de; Liyanage, Madhusanka

doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100551

Cited by 88 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 186 publications

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“…The exact values of the SAR factor are presented in Table 3 . All SAR values are below standard levels and in the acceptable range [ 87 ]. Therefore, it can be concluded that the antenna cannot be affected by the presence of the human tissue and voxel body.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Miniaturized Full-Ground Dual-Band MIMO Spiral Button Wearable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Communications

Saeidi

Al-Gburi

Karamzadeh

2023

Sensors

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A detachable miniaturized three-element spirals radiator button antenna integrated with a compact leaky-wave wearable antenna forming a dual-band three-port antenna is proposed. The leaky-wave antenna is fabricated on a denim (εr = 1.6, tan δ = 0.006) textile substrate with dimensions of 0.37 λ0 × 0.25 λ0 × 0.01 λ0 mm3 and a detachable rigid button of 20 mm diameter (on a PTFE substrate εr = 2.01, tan δ = 0.001). It augments users’ comfort, making it one of the smallest to date in the literature. The designed antenna, with 3.25 to 3.65 GHz and 5.4 to 5.85 GHz operational bands, covers the wireless local area network (WLAN) frequency (5.1–5.5 GHz), the fifth-generation (5G) communication band. Low mutual coupling between the ports and the button antenna elements ensures high diversity performance. The performance of the specific absorption rate (SAR) and the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) are also examined. The simulation and measurement findings agree well. Low SAR, <−0.05 of LCC, more than 9.5 dBi diversity gain, dual polarization, and strong isolation between every two ports all point to the proposed antenna being an ideal option for use as a MIMO antenna for communications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Miniaturized Full-Ground Dual-Band MIMO Spiral Button Wearable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Communications

Saeidi

Al-Gburi

Karamzadeh

2023

Sensors

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“…Works on DT applications in the context of smart cities and federated learning are surveyed in [15]. At the same time a vast body of research exists on autonomous vehicles and enabling technologies such as 5G [16] which often hinge on the utilization of a suitable DT. However, smart road applications at the intersection of automated driving, collective perception and smart traffic management are not explicitly covered by these surveys.…”

Section: Related Work -Open For Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrastructure-Based Digital Twins for Cooperative, Connected, Automated Driving and Smart Road Services

Thonhofer¹,

Sigl²,

Fischer

et al. 2023

IEEE Open J. Intell. Transp. Syst.

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Driving requires continuous decision making from a driver taking into account all available relevant information. Automating driving tasks also automates the related decisions. However, humans are very good at dealing with bad quality, fuzzy, informal and incomplete information, whereas machines generally require solid quality information in a formalized format. Therefore, the development of automated driving functions relies on the availability of machine-usable information. A digital twin contains quality controlled information collected and augmented from different sources, ready to be supplied to such an automated driving function. An information model that describes all conceivably relevant information is necessary. To this end, a list of requirements that such an information model should meet is proposed and each requirement is argued for. Based on the anticipated services and applications that such a system should support, a collection of requirements for system architecture is derived. Information modeling is performed for selected relevant information groups. A system architecture has been proposed and validated with three different implementations, addressing several different applications to support decisions at a highway tunnel construction site in Austria and throughout the Test Bed Lower Saxony in Germany.

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“…Based on the results computed through theoretical model which considers vehicle’s velocity, region’s service area and content properties, each requesting vehicle fetch the desired content either from the nearby OBUs or from neighboring RSUs within its current region or from next region. In vehicular infotainment applications, generally requests are transient in nature 30 . The caching of transient content inside network nodes is supported by taking content caching probability into consideration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An edge communication based probabilistic caching for transient content distribution in vehicular networks

Gupta

Rani

Tiwari

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Vehicular Content Networks (VCNs) represent key empowering solution for content distribution in fully distributed manner for vehicular infotainment applications. In VCN, both on board unit (OBU) of each vehicle and road side units (RSUs) facilitate content caching to support timely content delivery for moving vehicles when requested. However, due to limited caching capacity available at both RSUs and OBUs, only selected content can be cached. Moreover, the contents being demanded in vehicular infotainment applications are transient in nature. The transient content caching in vehicular content networks with the use of edge communication for delay free services is fundamental issue and need to get addressed (Yang et al. in ICC 2022-IEEE international conference on communications. IEEE, pp 1–6, 2022). Therefore, this study focuses on edge communication in VCNs by firstly organizing a region based classification for vehicular network components including RSUs and OBUs. Secondly, a theoretical model is designed for each vehicle to decide its content fetching location (i.e. either RSU or OBU) in current region or neighboring region. Further, the caching of transient contents inside vehicular network components (such as RSU, OBU) is based on content caching probability. Finally, the proposed scheme is evaluated under different network condition in Icarus simulator for various performance parameters. The simulation results proved outstanding performance of the proposed approach over various state of art caching strategies.

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Autonomous vehicles in 5G and beyond: A survey

Cited by 88 publications

References 186 publications

A Miniaturized Full-Ground Dual-Band MIMO Spiral Button Wearable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Communications

A Miniaturized Full-Ground Dual-Band MIMO Spiral Button Wearable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Communications

Infrastructure-Based Digital Twins for Cooperative, Connected, Automated Driving and Smart Road Services

An edge communication based probabilistic caching for transient content distribution in vehicular networks

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