Autophagy, a critical element in the aging male reproductive disorders and prostate cancer: a therapeutic point of view

Abstract

Autophagy is a highly conserved, lysosome-dependent biological mechanism involved in the degradation and recycling of cellular components. There is growing evidence that autophagy is related to male reproductive biology, particularly spermatogenic and endocrinologic processes closely associated with male sexual and reproductive health. In recent decades, problems such as decreasing sperm count, erectile dysfunction, and infertility have worsened. In addition, reproductive health is closely related to overall health and comorbidity in aging men. In this review, we will outline the role of autophagy as a new player in aging male reproductive dysfunction and prostate cancer. We first provide an overview of the mechanisms of autophagy and its role in regulating male reproductive cells. We then focus on the link between autophagy and aging-related diseases. This is followed by a discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy before we end with limitations of current studies and suggestions for future developments in the field.

Potential role of autophagy in the male reproductive system

“…Furthermore, autophagy's role in the epididymis is receiving study because it may infl uence sperm maturation and storage. Further research into the molecular processes that drive autophagy in these reproductive organs is required for a complete knowledge of its impact on male reproductive physiology [14,54,55]. While the present literature emphasizes the possible role of autophagy in male reproduction, signifi cant knowledge gaps and areas for further investigation remain.…”

“…Despite these intriguing correlations, much about autophagy's potential role in the male reproductive system remains unknown. Understanding the molecular processes and signaling pathways that drive autophagy in male reproductive cells is critical for understanding its impact on fertility, sperm quality, and responses to diverse stresses [13,14]. This review will delve into the available literature, offering a detailed overview of autophagy's possible signifi cance in male reproductive biology as well as emphasizing future research opportunities in this quickly expanding question.…”

Piperine mitigates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the testicular damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice

“…CP can cause reproductive disorders by inducing toxicity in reproductive organs. [ 9 ] This drug can cause tissue changes in the structure of the testis, oxidative stress, fat peroxidation, and DNA damage, and also cause disturbances in gonadotropin secretion, decrease serum testosterone, and thus can harm fertility. [ 10 ] Animal studies have shown that CP leads to decreased testicular weight and transient oligospermia.…”