Autophagy and its role in regeneration and remodeling within invertebrate

Abstract

Background Acting as a cellular cleaner by packaging and transporting defective proteins and organelles to lysosomes for breakdown, autophagic process is involved in the regulation of cell remodeling after cell damage or cell death in both vertebrate and invertebrate. In human, limitations on the regenerative capacity of specific tissues and organs make it difficult to recover from diseases. Comprehensive understanding on its mechanism within invertebrate have strong potential provide helpful information for challenging these diseases. Method In this study, recent findings on the autophagy function in three invertebrates including planarian, hydra and leech with remarkable regenerative ability were summarized. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic analyses of DjATGs and HvATGs were performed on these three invertebrates compared to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens. Results In comparison with Scerevisiae, C elegans, D melanogaster, M musculus and human, our analysis exhibits the following characteristics of autophagy and its function in regeneration within invertebrate. Phylogenetical analysis of ATGs revealed that most autophagy-related genes (ATGs) were highly similar to their homologs in other species, which indicates that autophagy is a highly conservative biological function in both vertebrate and invertebrate. Structurally, almost all the core amino acids necessary for the function of ATG8 in mammal were observed in invertebrate HvATG8s and DjATG8s. For instance, ubiquitin-like domain as a signature structure in each ATG8, was observed in all ATG8s in three invertebrates. Basically, autophagy plays a key role in the regulation of regeneration in planarian. DjATG8-2 and DjATG8-3 associated with mTOR signaling pathway are sophisticated in the invertebrate tissue/organ regeneration. Furthermore, autophagy is involved in the pathway of neutralization of toxic molecules input from blood digestion in the leech. Conclusions The recent investigations on autophagy in invertebrate including planarian, hydra and leech suggest that autophagy is evolutionally conserved from yeast to mammals. The fundamental role of its biological function in the invertebrate contributing to the regeneration and maintenance of cellular homeostasis in these three organisms could make tremendous information to confront life threatening diseases in human including cancers and cardiac disorders.

Pharmacological inhibition of Ref-1 enhances the therapeutic sensitivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma to vemurafenib

“…Initially, in yeast, cells only used the autophagy program to fulfill autologous metabolic needs or renew certain organelles, thereby maintaining the vitality of cells suffering from nutritional deterioration [ 53 ]. However, in higher eukaryotes, autophagy plays much more complicated and multifunctional roles in regulating cell survival and death, especially in cancer cells [ 27 , 29 , 54 , 55 ].…”

Natural products targeting signaling pathways associated with regulated cell death in gastric cancer: Recent advances and perspectives

“…Autophagy signal transduction is mainly regulated by Atgs, including Atg‐3, ‐4, ‐5, ‐7, ‐10, ‐12, ‐13, ‐14, and ‐16, which underlies the mechanisms of autophagosome formation. Atgs promotes the formation of autophagosomes by regulating the light chain 3 (LC3)‐II complex (Song et al, 2020). Besides, the complex process of autophagy is involved diverse crucial signaling pathway.…”

Marine Animal-Derived Compounds and Autophagy Modulation in Breast Cancer Cells

“…They show a relatively smooth surface with several pores and can be found as encrusting species growing over coral rubbles [29]. In 2013, Yamazaki et al [30] reported the cytotoxic activity of the pentacyclic alkaloid papuamine (1S,2E,4E,6S,7R,12S,14R,20R,22S,27R)-15,19diazapentacyclo[18.7.0.0 6,14 .0 7,12 .0 22,27 ]heptacosa-2,4-diene, Figure 1), the major constituent of these sponges, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.…”

“…It is well-known that invertebrates are endowed with a remarkable ability to regenerate tissue and organs, and that the efficiency of this process is guaranteed by an appropriate regulation of autophagy. In addition, autophagy is a survival mechanism allowing aquatic organisms to withstand different stress conditions, such as hyperthermia and exposure to toxic compounds [26,27]. By considering the things mentioned, the aim of this review is to pick up selected studies that report the extraction and identification of marine animal-derived mixed fractions or isolated compounds which exert a modulatory effect on the autophagic process in breast cancer cells and list them with respect to the taxonomical hierarchy of the producing species.…”

“…They show a relatively smooth surface with several pores and can be found as encrusting species growing over coral rubbles [29]. In 2013, Yamazaki et al [30] reported the cytotoxic activity of the pentacyclic alkaloid papuamine (1S,2E,4E,6S,7R,12S,14R,20R,22S,27R)-15,19-diazapentacyclo[18.7.0.0 6,14 .0 7,12 .0 22,27 ]heptacosa-2,4-diene, Figure 1), the major constituent of these sponges, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. A more detailed molecular examination of the effect exerted on MCF-7 cells by the alkaloid at concentrations at or greater than 5 µM demonstrated the expression of LC3, a central component of the autophagy process, as revealed by confocal microscopic observations of the time-dependent increase of LC3-associated fluorescence intensity from 4 h of exposure onward.…”