Autophagy orchestrates the crosstalk between cells and organs

Abstract

Over the recent years, it has become apparent that a deeper understanding of cell‐to‐cell and organ‐to‐organ communication is necessary to fully comprehend both homeostatic and pathological states. Autophagy is indispensable for cellular development, function, and homeostasis. A crucial aspect is that autophagy can also mediate these processes through its secretory role. The autophagy‐derived secretome relays its extracellular signals in the form of nutrients, proteins, mitochondria, and extracellular vesicles. These crosstalk mediators functionally shape cell fate decisions, tissue microenvironment and systemic physiology. The diversity of the secreted cargo elicits an equally diverse type of responses, which span over metabolic, inflammatory, and structural adaptations in disease and homeostasis. We review here the emerging role of the autophagy‐derived secretome in the communication between different cell types and organs and discuss the mechanisms involved.

Chemo‐small extracellular vesicles released in cisplatin‐resistance ovarian cancer cells are regulated by the lysosomal function

“…The cellular degradation and recycling process called autophagy is controlled by mTORC1, which downregulates ULK1‐activating phosphorylations, such as at the S317 residue (Holczer et al., 2020 ). Autophagy is involved in EV production underconditions of intracellular trafficking alterations (Piletic et al., 2023 ). We explored whether the effects of CDDP and rapamycin on EV secretion from A2780cis cells could be associated with autophagy activation.…”

The NDR family of kinases: essential regulators of aging

“…Autophagy involves a series of networks that ensure the delivery and degradation of biomolecules and organelles through the lysosome and is one of the main mechanisms that controls proteostasis which is prone to be altered during aging. Macroautophagy is the most well-characterized form of autophagy and since the original paper by López-Otín et al ( 2023 ) postulated its decline as an aging hallmark a decade ago, disruption in macroautophagy has drawn great attention as a main contributor to aging and disease, that now it is considered to be a hallmark of its own, given that macroautophagy participates not only in proteolysis, but also in cell-to-cell communication, antigen presentation, cell growth, nutrient sensing, and many more (Nieto-Torres, 2021 ; Münz, 2022 ; Piletic et al, 2023 ). Here we summarize the role of NDR kinases both in the regulation of autophagy and proteostasis, highlighting how their maladaptive function during aging promotes disease, leaving the involvement in other features related to autophagy for the following chapters.…”

The potential influence of melatonin on mitochondrial quality control: a review

“…Taken together, autophagy has a bidirectional regulatory role in cell survival or death, depending on the severity of cellular oxidative damage ( Liu et al, 2023 ; Piletic et al, 2023 ). Melatonin has been proven to have a strong antioxidant effect.…”

“…Second, melatonin can inhibit elongation to prevent autophagy by inhibiting autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) activity or decreasing LC3-Ⅱ levels in kainic acid or arsenite-induced neurotoxicity (Chang et al, 2012;Teng et al, 2015). Taken together, autophagy has a bidirectional regulatory role in cell survival or death, depending on the severity of cellular oxidative damage (Liu et al, 2023;Piletic et al, 2023). Melatonin has been proven to have a strong antioxidant effect.…”