Average and extremal properties of heat transfer and shear stress on a wall surface in Rayleigh–Bénard convection

Flow generated by a thermal plume in a cooled-ceiling system

“…Here we adopt the values a = 0.14, r = 0.29, p = 0 as a first order approximation derived from different experimental and numerical results obtained using different fluids and represented in Fig. 11 with black symbols and lines, which was adapted from that reported by Itamoto et al [24]. Naturally, for a limited range of Ra, the values of the parameters in (6) may be better fitted.…”