Average capacity of the ground to train communication link of a curved track in the turbulence of gamma-gamma distribution

Outage Probability and BER of the Ground to Train Communication Link of a Curved Track in Raining Turbulence with Pointing Errors

“…1 [8]. The optical transmitter (TX) positions on the ground stations alongside the track and optical receiver (RX) positions on the roof of the train.…”

“…The receiver integrates the photocurrent signal which is related to the incident optical power by the detector responsivity for each bit period. In this case, the statistical channel model is given by [8] …”

“…/α is the Rytov variance for plane wave in non-Kolmogorov weak turbulence [6], A (α) = Γ (α − 1) cos απ 2 / 4π 2 , α denotes the turbulent spectral index, Γ (x) denotes the Gamma function,C 2 n = 0.033C 2 n (k/z) (α−11/3)/2 /A (α) is the generalized refractive-index structure parameter of turbulent atmosphere with units m −α+11/3 , C 2 n denotes the strength of atmospheric turbulence, and the non-Kolmogorov spectrum is given by [8] (8) where κ denotes the spatial wave number; δ 2 pe represents variance of pointing errors caused by beam wander, and is given by…”

“…The attenuation of laser power through the channel is described by the exponential Beers-Lambert Law as [8] …”

“…Recently, Paudel et al [7] has expanded model of OWC link along the straight track to curved track. Subsequently, Yang et al [8] modeled the average capacity of the ground-to-train OWC link of a curved track with pointing errors, considering the atmospheric turbulence and fog-haze weather. However, rainfall must occur in nature.…”