Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09

Daulagala, Pavithra; Cheng, Samuel M.S.; Chin, Alex; Luk, Leo L.H.; Leung, Kathy; Wu, Joseph T.; Poon, Leo L.M.; Peiris, Malik; Yen, Hui-Ling

doi:10.3201/eid3001.230756

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In serum samples from healthy adults in Hong Kong, cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) antibodies to A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b were observed in 96.8% (n = 61/63) of assessed individuals with previous exposure to seasonal influenza viruses. However, additional research would be required to assess if the presence of cross-reactive NAI antibodies translates into protection against A(H5N1) infection or altered disease severity (Daulagala et al, 2024).…”

Section: A(h5n1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Fusaro,

Gonzales,

Kuiken

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Between 2 December 2023 and 15 March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (227) and wild (414) birds across 26 countries in Europe. Compared to previous years, although still widespread, the overall number of HPAI virus detections in birds was significantly lower, among other reasons, possibly due to some level of flock immunity in previously affected wild bird species, resulting in reduced contamination of the environment, and a different composition of circulating A(H5N1) genotypes. Most HPAI outbreaks reported in poultry were primary outbreaks following the introduction of the virus by wild birds. Outside Europe, the majority of outbreaks in poultry were still clustered in North America, while the spread of A(H5) to more naïve wild bird populations on mainland Antarctica is of particular concern. For mammals, A(H5N5) was reported for the first time in Europe, while goat kids in the United States of America represented the first natural A(H5N1) infection in ruminants. Since the last report and as of 12 March 2024, five human avian influenza A(H5N1) infections, including one death, three of which were clade 2.3.2.1c viruses, have been reported by Cambodia. China has reported two human infections, including one fatal case, with avian influenza A(H5N6), four human infections with avian influenza A(H9N2) and one fatal case with co-infection of seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and avian influenza A(H10N5). The latter case was the first documented human infection with avian influenza A(H10N5). Human infections with avian influenza remain rare and no sustained human-to-human infection has been observed. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general population in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low to moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals.

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Section: A(h5n1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Fusaro,

Gonzales,

Kuiken

et al. 2024

EFS2

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“…This means that any transmissible A(H5) virus with a basic reproduction number (R0) > 1 will spread. Antibodies against seasonal N1 influenza viruses might provide some level of cross–reactivity to A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b through neuraminidase (NA) inhibition (Daulagala et al., 2024 ; Kandeil et al., 2023 ), but systematic data are not available. Therefore, if A(H5) viruses were to acquire the ability to transmit between humans, it would imply the presence of a highly susceptible and naïve human population with potential for extensive spread of infection.…”

Section: Current Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers for a pandemic due to avian influenza and options for One Health mitigation measures

Melidou,

Enkirch,

Willgert

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Avian influenza viruses (AIV) remain prevalent among wild bird populations in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA), leading to significant illness and mortality of birds. Transmission between bird and mammal species has been observed, particularly in fur animal farms, where outbreaks have been reported. While transmission from infected birds to humans is rare, there have been instances of exposure to these viruses since 2020 without any symptomatic infections reported in the EU/EEA. However, these viruses continue to evolve globally, and with the migration of wild birds, new strains carrying potential mutations for mammalian adaptation could be selected. If avian A(H5N1) influenza viruses acquire the ability to spread efficiently among humans, large-scale transmission could occur due to the lack of immune defences against H5 viruses in humans. The emergence of AIV capable of infecting mammals, including humans, can be facilitated by various drivers. Some intrinsic drivers are related to virus characteristics or host susceptibility. Other drivers are extrinsic and may increase exposure of mammals and humans to AIV thereby stimulating mutation and adaptation to mammals. Extrinsic drivers include the ecology of domestic and wild host species, human activities like farming practices and the use of natural resources, climatic and environmental factors. One Health measures to mitigate the risk of AIV adapting to mammals and humans focus on limiting exposure and preventing spread. Key options for actions include enhancing surveillance targeting humans and animals, ensuring access to rapid diagnostics, promoting collaboration between animal and human sectors, and considering the implementation of preventive measures such as vaccination of poultry. Effective communication to different target audiences should be emphasised, as well as strengthening veterinary infrastructure, enforcing biosecurity measures at farms, and reducing wildlife contact with domestic animals. Careful planning of poultry and fur animal farming, especially in areas with high waterfowl density, is essential for effective risk reduction.

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If bird flu sparks a human pandemic, your past immunity could help

Kozlov

2024

Nature

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Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Drivers for a pandemic due to avian influenza and options for One Health mitigation measures

If bird flu sparks a human pandemic, your past immunity could help

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