“…The outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses around the globe in the past few years have been devastating for the countries concerned (Capua & Marangon, 2003;Capua & Alexander, 2004), and have created fears with the public (Swayne & Beck, 2004). Attention has not only been on the epidemics in the major poultry species, the domestic fowl (Liu et al ., 2003;de Wit et al ., 2004;Ellis et al ., 2004a, b;Lee et al ., 2004a;Armin et al ., 2004), but also in minor species, including turkeys , commercial ducks (Kwon et al ., 2005), and waterfowl and other wild birds (Ellis et al ., 2004a).…”