Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens: Challenges in ‘No Antibiotics Ever’ Broiler Production and Potential Solutions

Fancher, Courtney A.; Zhang, Li; Kiess, Aaron S.; Adhikari, Pratima; Dinh, Thu; Sukumaran, Anuraj T.

doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0709.v1

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 163 publications

(239 reference statements)

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“…Besides age, seasonality has also been linked to necrotic enteritis in birds. In poultry, enteritis cases occur more frequently in late winter and early spring [ 83 – 85 ], which is what we observed in the CZA lorikeets; although historically, CZA reported enteritis cases across all seasons. DZ cases were also clustered during winter months, however this was the only occurrence of an enteritis outbreak DZ had experienced.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care

et al. 2022

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Background Enteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in lorikeets that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. In this study, we examine gut microbiota in two lorikeet flocks with enteritis (Columbus Zoo and Aquarium—CZA; Denver Zoo—DZ). Since 2012, the CZA flock has experienced repeated outbreaks of enteritis despite extensive diet, husbandry, and clinical modifications. In 2018, both CZA and DZ observed a spike in enteritis. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota can influence susceptibility to enteropathogens. We hypothesized that a dysbiosis, or alteration in the gut microbial community, was making some lorikeets more susceptible to enteritis, and our goal was to characterize this dysbiosis and determine the features that predicted susceptibility. Results We employed 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the cloacal microbiota in lorikeets (CZA n = 67, DZ n = 24) over time. We compared the microbiota of healthy lorikeets, to lorikeets with enteritis, and lorikeets susceptible to enteritis, with “susceptible” being defined as healthy birds that subsequently developed enteritis. Based on sequencing data, culture, and toxin gene detection in intestinal contents, we identified Clostridium perfringens type A (CZA and DZ) and C. colinum (CZA only) at increased relative abundances in birds with enteritis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry further identified the presence of gram-positive bacilli and C. perfringens, respectively, in the necrotizing intestinal lesions. Finally, using Random Forests and LASSO models, we identified several features (young age and the presence of Rhodococcus fascians and Pseudomonas umsongensis) associated with susceptibility to clostridial enteritis. Conclusions We identified C. perfringens type A and C. colinum associated with lorikeet necrohemorrhagic enteritis at CZA and DZ. Susceptibility testing of isolates lead to an updated clinical treatment plan which ultimately resolved the outbreaks at both institutions. This work provides a foundation for understanding gut microbiota features that are permissive to clostridial colonization and host factors (e.g. age, prior infection) that shape responses to infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care

et al. 2022

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“…Besides age, seasonality has also been linked to necrotic enteritis in birds. In poultry, enteritis cases occur more frequently in late winter and early spring [83][84][85], which is what we observed in the CZA lorikeets; although historically, CZA reported enteritis cases across all seasons. DZ cases were also clustered during winter months, however this was the only occurrence of an enteritis outbreak DZ had experienced.…”

Section: Susceptibility To Enteritissupporting

confidence: 73%

Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care

Minich

Madden

Navarro

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background Enteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in lorikeets that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. In this study, we examine gut microbiota in two lorikeet flocks with enteritis (Columbus Zoo and Aquarium [CZA]; Denver Zoo [DZ]). Since 2012, the CZA flock has experienced repeated outbreaks of enteritis despite extensive diet, husbandry, and clinical modifications. In 2018, both CZA and DZ observed a spike in enteritis. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota can influence susceptibility to enteropathogens. We hypothesized that a dysbiosis, or alteration in the gut microbial community, was making some lorikeets more susceptible to enteritis, and our goal was to characterize this dysbiosis and determine the features that predicted susceptibility. Results We employed 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the cloacal microbiota in lorikeets (CZA n = 67, DZ n = 24) over time. We compared the microbiota of healthy lorikeets, to lorikeets with enteritis, and lorikeets susceptible to enteritis, with susceptible being defined as healthy birds that subsequently developed enteritis. Based on sequencing data, culture, and toxin gene detection in intestinal contents, we identified Clostridium perfringens type A (CZA and DZ) and C. colinum (CZA only) at increased relative abundances in birds with enteritis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry further identified the presence of gram-positive bacilli and C. perfringens, respectively, in the necrotizing intestinal lesions. Finally, using Random Forests and LASSO models, we identified several features (young age and the presence of Rhodococcus fascians and Pseudomonas umsongensis) associated with susceptibility to clostridial enteritis. Conclusions We identified C. perfringens type A and C. colinum associated with lorikeet necrohemorrhagic enteritis at CZA and DZ. Susceptibility testing of isolates lead to an updated clinical treatment plan which ultimately resolved the outbreaks at both institutions. This work provides a foundation for understanding gut microbiota features that are permissive to clostridial colonization and host factors (e.g. age, prior infection) that shape responses to infection.

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“…It has been stated that E. coli causes lower respiratoryassociated disease and septicaemia. Pathogenic E. coli is in the intestinal microflora of normal quails and most of the illnesses are related to environmental and hostpredisposing elements (Fancher et al 2020). The failure Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of safety and quality aspects of boiling treatment of quail eggs

Saad

Fadel

El‐Hafeez

et al. 2022

Letters in Applied Microbiology

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Significance and Impact of the Study: Because of the increasing consumer needs worldwide for quail eggs, regular evaluations are needed to produce safe and high-quality eggs. Therefore, this investigation was planned to assess the shell, interior quality and survival of Escherichia coli O157 at different boiling durations. This trial of the survival of E. coli O157 in boiled quail eggs after different periods is one of the fewest studies, particularly in the Middle East. Moreover, antibiotic residues were detected in raw eggs, and after the boil, depletion is below established maximum residual limits and safe for human consumption.

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Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens: Challenges in ‘No Antibiotics Ever’ Broiler Production and Potential Solutions

Cited by 23 publications

References 163 publications

Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care

Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care

Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care

Assessment of safety and quality aspects of boiling treatment of quail eggs

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