Aviation security before and after lockerbie

Exploring the Implementation of Unpredictability in the Field of Aviation Security

“…During the 1980s, there was a transition from negotiation to intentional aircraft crashes, which culminated in December 1988 with the tragic events of Lockerbie, where an improvised explosive device was detonated in the cargo hold of Pan Am Flight 103 (Smart, 1997). The tragic event led to the loss of all 259 passengers and crew on board, as well as 11 individuals on the ground (Smart, 1997), gained substantial media presence (Malik, 1998), 18. As a result, standards were established for hold baggage screening, which included the global deployment of explosive detection systems for hold baggage (Malik, 1998).…”

“…(e.g., Refs. (Malik, 1998),2).In light of terrorist attacks, aviation security measures have undergone ongoing enhancements and improvements (e.g., Ref.). These efforts primarily aimed to reduce the risk posed by recognized threats.…”

Why and how unpredictability is implemented in aviation security – A first qualitative study

“…Civil aviation has been in the focus of terrorism for more than 50 years (e.g., Refs. [ 1 , 2 ]). In response to terrorist attacks, aviation security measures have been continuously refined and improved (e.g., Ref.…”

“…During the 1980s, a shift from bargaining toward deliberate crashing was observed [ 16 ], which escalated in December 1988 with the tragedy of Lockerbie, in which an improvised explosive device (IED) was detonated in the hold of the aircraft of Pan Am Flight 103 [ 17 ]. The tragedy, which caused the death of all 259 passengers and crew on board and 11 people on the ground [ 17 ], gained substantial media presence [ 1 , 18 ]. As a result, standards were established for hold baggage screening (HBS), including the worldwide deployment of explosive detection systems for hold baggage [ 1 ].…”

“…The tragedy, which caused the death of all 259 passengers and crew on board and 11 people on the ground [ 17 ], gained substantial media presence [ 1 , 18 ]. As a result, standards were established for hold baggage screening (HBS), including the worldwide deployment of explosive detection systems for hold baggage [ 1 ]. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attack had an even higher impact, causing deaths of thousands of people (e.g., Ref.…”