“…The green-shaded region shows the collective constraint (as compiled in ref. [39]) from various haloscope experiments: ADMX [43], HAYSTAC [156,157], ORGAN [158], UPLOAD [159], RBF [160,161], UF [162], CAPP [163][164][165][166][167], CAST-CAPP [168], QUAX [169,170], BASE [171], and TASEH [172]. The yellow-shaded region is the astrophysical constraint from the R 2 parameter [47] (top right, just below CAST) and from pulsar data [50].…”