Azima tetracantha Leaf Methanol Extract Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation through Induction of Redox Imbalance and Cytochrome C Release

Abstract

Azima tetracantha is a traditionally used medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic system and folk medicines. The plant has been used for various purposes including inflammatory ailments, arthritis, and various types of toxicities. There are no available reports on its anticancer activity; hence, the study aimed to evaluate its anti-proliferative potential in gastric cancer cells (AGS and KATO III). We observed a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation in both the gastric cancer cells; furthermore, a concomitant reduction in the cellular antioxidant status was observed. Pre-treatment with A. tetracantha methanol extract showed a significant reduction in intracellular glutathione levels, and subsequently raised thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Together with this, a significant increase in the cytochrome c release was noted in A. tetracantha treated cells, alongwith an increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic genes such as BAX, CASP3, CASP7 and APAF1. Furthermore, RTqPCR analysis indicated an increased expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, to confirm the role of reactive oxygen species in the proliferation inhibition, DCFH-DA-based analysis was carried out, where a dose-dependent increase in ROS levels was observed in these cells. Overall, the study confirms the anticancer efficacy of A. tetracantha leaf methanol extract mediated through the induction of redox imbalance and cytochrome c release.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco Peels Collected from Agrowastes

“…Briefly, the cells were treated with the IC 50 dose of CREO, cyclophosphamide, Limonene, and lysed to release their cellular contents. The lysate was collected, and a commercially available ELISA kit was used according to the report of Kim, Narayanankutty, Kuttithodi, Kim, Na, Kunnath, Rajagopal and Alfarhan [97] . The kit‘s microplate was pre‐coated with specific antibodies for cytochrome C detection.…”

“…The lysate was collected, and a commercially available ELISA kit was used according to the report of Kim, Narayanankutty, Kuttithodi, Kim, Na, Kunnath, Rajagopal and Alfarhan. [97] The kit's microplate was pre-coated with specific antibodies for cytochrome C detection. Cell lysate samples, along with standards and controls, were added to the wells and incubated.…”

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Bacterial, and Anti-Cancer Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Citrus limetta Risso Peel Waste Remains after Commercial Use

“…The mechanism of action was determined in terms of the cytochrome-C release and reactive oxygen species levels; these changes in essential oil-treated cells were determined by commercially available kits, as described in our previous article [ 61 ]. The cells were treated with the respective IC 50 value doses of different citrus peel essential oils for the mechanistic basis of action.…”

In Vitro Antiproliferative Effects and Phytochemical Characterization of Carissa edulis ((Forssk) Vahl) and Pappea capensis (Eckyl and Zeyh) Extracts

“…15 One such alternative is the use of phytotherapeutics. [16][17][18] Furthermore, current research has identified a number of medicinal herbs with potential antineoplastic possibilities. Among these are medicinal plants including Prunus africana, Caranthus roseus, and Molinga oleifera.…”