<b>Clarify</b>: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results

Tomz, Michael; Wittenberg, Jason; King, Gary

doi:10.18637/jss.v008.i01

Cited by 1,067 publications

(928 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We simulated total costs, assuming that use of biologic therapy occurs in 0% to 100% of patients in 10% steps, and costs of drug therapy increase or decrease in 10% steps. Monte Carlo modeling was performed using Stata (43) and Tomz et al's Clarify programs (44).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct medical costs and their predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Michaud¹,

Messer²,

Choi³

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

249

147

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Objective. To estimate total direct medical costs in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to characterize predictors of these costs.Methods. Patients (n ‫؍‬ 7,527) participating in a longitudinal study of outcome in RA completed 25,050 semiannual questionnaires from January 1999 through December 2001. From these we determined direct medical care costs converted to 2001 US dollars using the consumer price index. We used generalized estimating equations to examine potential predictors of the costs. Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the varying prevalence and cost of biologic therapy.Results. The mean total annual direct medical care cost in 2001 for a patient with RA was $9,519. Drug costs were $6,324 (66% of the total), while hospitalization costs were only $1,573 (17%). Approximately 25% of patients received biologic therapy. The mean total annual direct cost for patients receiving biologic agents was $19,016 per year, while the cost for those not receiving biologic therapy was $6,164. RA patients who were in the worst quartile of functional status, as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire, experienced direct medical costs for the subsequent year that were $5,022 more than the costs incurred by those in the best quartile. Physical status as determined by the Short Form 36 physical component scale had a similar large effect on RA costs, as did comorbidity. Medical insurance type played a more limited role. However, those without insurance had substantially lower service utilization and costs, and health maintenance organization patients had lower drug costs and total medical costs. Increased years of education, increased income, and majority ethnic status were all associated with increased drug costs but not hospitalization costs. Costs in all categories decreased after age 65 years.Conclusion. Estimates of direct medical costs for patients with RA are substantially higher than cost estimates before the biologic therapy era, and costs are now driven predominantly by the cost of drugs, primarily biologic agents. RA patients with poor function continue to incur substantially higher costs, as do those with comorbid conditions, and sociodemographic characteristics also play an important role in determination of costs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct medical costs and their predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Michaud¹,

Messer²,

Choi³

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

249

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For the diffuse support model, moving from high sober exposure to high sensationalist exposure predicts a decrease of about 10 points on the 0-1 scale. To get a better sense of the impact of differential exposure on specific support, we generated predicted probabilities of approval using Clarify (Tomz, Wittenberg, and King 2001). We hold all interval-level control variables at their mean levels, race at "White," gender at "Female," and partisanship at "Democrat," and move differential exposure from its 5th (high sober exposure) to its 95th percentile (high sensationalist exposure).…”

Section: Supreme Court Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensationalism and Sobriety Differential Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward American Courts

Johnston¹,

Bartels²

2010

Public Opinion Quarterly

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While a great deal of research has focused on understanding the foundations of public support for American courts, scant attention has been paid to the role of the media for such attitudes. Given the media's demonstrated ability to influence public opinion, this remains a substantial gap in the literature. In the present paper we examine how different types of media-sensationalist (i.e., political radio and cable news) or sober (i.e., newspapers and network news) -influence individuals' attitudes toward both the U.S. Supreme Court and courts at the state level. In line with our predictions, we find that sensationalist media exposure depresses both diffuse and specific support for American courts. Additionally, our results call into question the unconditional nature of the ubiquitous sophistication-approval relationship. We find that sophistication's positive effect on court attitudes is conditional on an individual's particular source of political information.Myth sustains mystique, which shelters an institution from the public eye…. But if the mask of myth falls, people can see more clearly what is going on. If an institution's involvement in raw political decision-making processes becomes visible, people may develop contempt for it. In contrast, invisibility and distance from the mass public sustain myth and thus legitimacy.

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“…64. The program Amelia was used for imputation, and the STATA module Clarify for was used for estimating models and generating predicted probabilities; Honaker et al 2001;Tomz, Wittenberg, and King 2003. See also King et al 2001. 65.…”

Section: Data and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Eye for an Eye: Public Support for War Against Evildoers

Liberman¹

2006

Int. Org.

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Retributiveness and humanitarianism, predispositions that shape individuals' moral judgment and criminal punishment attitudes, should also influence their positions on war against evil-seeming states. Retributiveness should heighten support for punitive uses of military force, satisfaction from punitive wars, and threats perceived from transgressor states, while humanitarianism should have the opposite effects. Using death penalty support as a proxy measure for these values, public opinion about the 1991 and 2003 Persian Gulf wars provides evidence for a moralpunitiveness effect. Death penalty supporters were significantly more hawkish than death penalty opponents in both cases, controlling for ideology, utilitarian logic, and other potential confounders. These findings explain why foreign villains and goodversus-evil framing heighten public support for war.

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Clarify: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results

Abstract: , website http://GKing.Harvard.Edu. Clarify is copyrighted, but you may copy and distribute this program provided that no charge is made and the copy is identical to the original. To request an exception, please contact Michael Tomz.

Cited by 1,067 publications

References 6 publications

Direct medical costs and their predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Direct medical costs and their predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Sensationalism and Sobriety Differential Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward American Courts

An Eye for an Eye: Public Support for War Against Evildoers

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