Back plate and wedge use and individual ventral and dorsal swimming start performance: a systematic review

Jesus, Karla de; Jesus, Kelly de; Fernandes, Ricardo J.; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo

doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.2016924

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, depending on the body position, the contribution of each lower limb and its placement can impact on the take-off features and, consequently, consecutive elements of the swimming race. When leaving the block, a swimmer needs to find a proper take-off angle combined with the forward rotation of the body to generate a sufficient angular momentum and make a proper entry into the water [ 2 , 32 ]. In addition, the flight distance (in relation to the body height) has been exposed as positively correlated with the average vertical force exerted during the front foot stand (r = 0.783) [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 3D dynamometric central with a sampling frequency of 2000 Hz (3D-6DoF, corresponding with the starting block OMEGA OSB 14) and Visio software (LabVIEW 2013 System Design Software, SP1 NI TM , Austin, TX, USA) were used to accurately measure the temporal variables of the block phase of the ventral starts [ 4 , 24 ]. The description of the measured variables is presented in Table 1 ; these were selected based on the literature [ 2 , 25 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, in competitive swimming (an individual and cyclic sport), the main goal is to swim as fast as possible over a set distance. Therefore, a competitive swimming event should be analyzed with regard to its distinct phases, i.e., the starting, swimming, turning and finishing segments [ 1 , 2 ]. Following Federación Internacional de Natación (FINA)-specific rules, the start phase can last up to 15 m from the starting line with swimmers performing actions in both terrestrial and water environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that the initial starting position determines not only the overall performance of the start but also the characteristics of its elements [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. Particularly in the kick-start, the lower limbs are placed in a staggered position [ 2 ] with the rear lower limbs having a significant importance in producing horizontal velocity and the front lower limbs contributing decisively to vertical velocity production and body weight support [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Moreover, each lower limb plays a different role in the inverted pendulum approach as the model of a kick-start [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before the introduction of the back plate, researchers focused on the impact of the placement of the body on the starting platform as well as on the effect of changes to the specific variable values and on the duration of swimming start phases to find a detailed contribution of the given solutions to the starting performance output [ 2 , 12 ]. As the back plate has become more widely implemented and used during competitions, researchers have aimed to expose the importance of lower limb positioning over the starting platform (including the distance between the feet [ 13 ]) as well as the impact of the lower limb joint angles on the swimming start performance [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics?

Rudnik

Rejman

Machado

et al. 2022

IJERPH

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current study examined the back plate position impact on the block phase movement pattern and total starting performance with a distinction for sex. Thirty-eight swimmers performed starts changing the back plate position (preferred position, one position forward and one position backward), with the data being assessed using a 3D dynamometric central and a video camera. In males, the 15 m start time was 0.1 s shorter for the preferred position compared with the backward position (p < 0.05). Regardless of the back plate positioning, the swimmers spent a similar time on the block. A more forward position of the back plate postponed the rear foot take-off and consequently reduced the front foot stand duration. A back plate position effect was revealed for those variables with a larger effect size in males whereas in females, a change of about two positions was needed to reach a significance level. Probably due to the specification of physical domains, a greater impact on the changes introduced was noted for males. Therefore, whilst searching for the optimal starting position, adjustments to the back plate placement might affect a greater number of males than females. To reinforce the starting optimization during the training process and its monitoring, the effect of personal preference toward the starting block setting was also considered.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics?

Rudnik

Rejman

Machado

et al. 2022

IJERPH

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Lower-body strength, power and sprint front crawl performance

Muniz-Pardos,

Gomez-Bruton,

Matute-Llorente

et al. 2024

Translational Exercise Biomedicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose To determine the association between lower-body strength and lower-body power capacities with sprint swimming performance in adolescent competitive swimmers. Methods A total of 44 front crawl swimmers (27 males and 17 females) performed anthropometric assessments, lower-body strength tests (half squat maximum isometric strength, dynamic half squat with 20, 30 and 40 % of the maximum isometric strength, and knee extension maximum isometric strength) and lower-body power tests (squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ] and Abalakov jump). Further front crawl swimming best times in 50 and 100 m were recorded from official swimming competitions and front crawl technique was assessed by an experienced coach using a visual analogue scale. Results Swimming performance was correlated with lower-body power variables (SJ [r=−0.573 for 50 m and −0.642 for 100 m], CMJ [r=−0.497 for 50 m and −0.544 for 100 m], and Abalakov jump [r=−0.452 for 50 m and −0.415 for 100 m]; p≤0.05) and lower-body strength (half squat maximum isometric strength [r=−0.430 for 50 m and −0.443 for 100 m]; p≤0.05) in males but not in females. Further linear regression models showed that only lower-body power predicted both 50 m (Abalakov jump; r2=0.58; change in r2=0.18) and 100 m (SJ; r2=0.66; change in r2=0.15) performance in male swimmers. Conclusions This study emphasizes the greater association between lower-body power and sprint front crawl performance in adolescent males compared to females. Practical tests (i.e., SJ and Abalakov jump) are shown to predict front crawl swimming performance, which may facilitate the performance control by coaches and trainers.

show abstract

The kinematic profile of ventral swimming start: sex diversity

Rudnik,

Rejman,

Vilas-Boas

2023

Front. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It has been suggested that sex distinctions in physiology may affect the swimming performance of each sex differently. Yet, sex-based performance dependency has not been taken into consideration by most of the researchers evaluating swimming start. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the effect of sex heterogeneity on the spatiotemporal characteristics of swimming start by investigating the determinants of its performance. A total of fifty-two international-level swimmers (thirty females and twenty-two males) performed three repetitions of the kick-start up to the 15-m mark. During trials, data were collected using video cameras and instrumented starting block. To search for evidence of differences between the two groups, the one-way ANOVA was conducted. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between measurements widely used to describe overall starting performance and selected kinematical variables of swimming start. A sex effect was exposed for temporal variables describing all swimming start phases (p ≤ 0.015). Male swimmers, by spending less time during the push-off from the starting block (p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.18), reaching higher take-off velocity (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.29), traveling longer distances during flight (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.40), and swimming faster in the water phase (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.40), took starting advantage over their female counterparts. Consequently, performance measures such as 5-m, 10-m, and 15-m start times indicated that male participants were faster than females (p < 0.001; ηp2 ≥ 0.40). Only in the group of male swimmers a significant correlation between variables describing overall starting performance (5-m, 10-m, and 15-m times), and variables commonly highlighted as starting performance determining factors (block phase duration, take-off horizontal velocity, and flight distance) was found. The current study shows that the spatiotemporal variables of swimming start, the relation between them as well as overall starting performance, vary by sex. Consequently, the requirement of sex factor and its heterogeneity effect should be included not only in detailed characteristics of separate variables but also in all approaches undertaken. Those findings seem to play a crucial role mainly in swimming start evaluations in post-pubertal age groups of swimmers.

show abstract

Back plate and wedge use and individual ventral and dorsal swimming start performance: a systematic review

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics?

Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics?

Lower-body strength, power and sprint front crawl performance

The kinematic profile of ventral swimming start: sex diversity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About