Bacteria and Nematodes in the Conjunctiva of Mule Deer from Wyoming and Utah

Dubay, Shelli A.; Williams, Elizabeth; Mills, Ken; Boerger-Fields, Amy M.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-36.4.783

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Normal conjunctival bacterial flora has been studied in several wild mammals 6,7,67–70 . In the vast majority of these reports, Gram‐positive bacteria were the most common isolates and the present report is no exception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

The capybara eye: clincial tests, anatomic and biometric features

Montiani‐Ferreira

Truppel

Tramontin

et al. 2008

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Capybara's normal ocular features include: dorsal and ventral puncta, vestigial third eyelid, true cilia only at the upper eyelid margins. The bulbar conjunctiva is noticeably densely pigmented with a brown to bronze color. The capybara's pupil is oval in shape and vertical in position No tapetum lucidum is present in this species and the retinal blood vessels are almost absent. Results for selected ocular diagnostic tests investigated were: Intraocular pressure: 18.4 +/- 3.8 mmHg; Schirmer tear test: 14.9 +/- 5.1 mm/min; Central corneal thickness: 0.46 +/- 0.03 mm; Axial globe length: 22.20 +/- 1.71 mm. No statistically significant differences between ages or genders were found for any of the results. Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated from healthy conjunctiva, suggesting they are normal constituents of the conjunctival flora of the capybara eye. The corneal epithelium of the capybara possesses a thin and discrete Bowman's layer. Results and parameters obtained in this investigation exposed unique anatomic features of the capybara eye and will help veterinary ophthalmologists to more accurately diagnose discrete or unusual pathological changes of the capybara eye. Furthermore, corneal thickness and axial length of the capybara are similar to that of human beings, revealing that the world's largest living rodent might be an excellent biological model for ophthalmic studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

The capybara eye: clincial tests, anatomic and biometric features

Montiani‐Ferreira

Truppel

Tramontin

et al. 2008

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…Normal conjunctival bacterial microflora has been studied in several wild mammals such as the opossum, 14 bison, 44 deer, 45 and elephant 46 . In the vast majority of these reports, Gram‐positive bacteria were the most common isolates and the present report is no exception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The chinchilla eye: morphologic observations, echobiometric findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests

Lima

Montiani‐Ferreira

Tramontin

et al. 2010

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Purpose To carry out a descriptive investigation into the most relevant morphological features of the chinchilla eye and bony orbit, as well as to perform selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests with the aim of establishing normal anatomic and physiologic references for this species. Method A total of 57 healthy, chinchillas were used to test most of the parameters in this investigation. Besides morphologic observations of the globe and adnexa, selected ocular tests and parameters were investigated, including blink frequency, palpebral fissure length (PFL), Schirmer tear test (STT), esthesiometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), B-mode echobiometric measurements of the globe and culture of the normal conjunctival bacterial microbiota. Morphologic observations were made using six formalin-fixed globes and four macerated skulls. Results and Discussion Normal parameters found for selected ocular diagnostic tests were: blink frequency: 2.6 ± 0.84 blinks per 10 min; STT: 1.07 ± 0.54 mm; esthesiometry: 1.24 ± 0.46 cm; IOP: 17.71 ± 4.17 mmHg; CCT: 0.34 ± 0.03 mm; PFL: 1.44 ± 0.11 cm; anterior chamber depth: 2.01 ± 0.2 mm; axial lens thickness: 5.49 ± 0.43 mm; vitreous chamber depth (internal): 3.69 ± 0.52 mm; axial globe length: 1.14 ± 0.07 cm. The most frequent bacteria isolated from the conjunctiva were Streptococcus sp. (27.45%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.52%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (19.60%). No statistically significant differences between left or right eyes or genders were found for any of the results. Reference data and morphologic observations obtained in this investigation will help veterinary ophthalmologists to recognize unique morphological features and more accurately diagnose ocular diseases in the chinchilla, an animal already being used as a biological model for ophthalmic studies.

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“…In wild animals, the conjunctival flora of healthy birds of prey, 4 and opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) and raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) 5 have been reported. The normal ocular features, conjunctival microflora, and intraocular pressure in the Canadian beaver 6 and other surveys regarding ocular flora in wild animals have been reported 7,8 . In Recife, Brazil, the normal ocular flora of the Crab‐eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous azarae ) was reported 9…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%