Bacterial agents isolated from cultured marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pallas 1771)

Abstract

Marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus) are preferred in European cuisine. In recent years, interest in farming of marsh frogs has increased, but little is known about their bacterial diseases. This research was carried out in a marsh frog farming operation in Mersin, Turkey, in order to determine the bacterial diversity. For this purpose, a total of 339 frog, 30 water, and 8 feed samples were collected. Isolation and identification of bacteria were carried out by conventional techniques and the VITEK-2 compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 239 isolates of 49 different species, including 31 Gram negative rod-shaped bacteria, 9 Gram positive rod-shaped sporeforming bacteria, and 9 Gram positive cocci-shaped non-sporeforming bacteria have been identified. These bacteria species were detected from 25 (83.3%) water, 5 (62.5%) feed samples, and 64 (84.2%) of 76 frog specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility and MAR index values ranged between 1.4-95.8% and 0.13-0.73, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in water, feed and frog specimens, which could pose risk for frogs and human health, have been detected in the marsh frog farm in Mersin. This study reveals, that further investigations are necessary for sustainable marsh frog breeding in Turkey.

Skin cultivable bacterial of Melanophryniscus admirabilis (admirable red belly toad): the role of bacterial communities on species conservation

“…The same result was observed through alpha diversity metrics (Shannon, Simpson, Chao1 index) (p > 0.05). The occurrence of the genera Acinetobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Bacillus in skin samples of M. admirabilis is in concordance with previous studies, which have also found these genera in skin samples of different anurans species [22][23][24][25]. On the other hand, the occurrence of Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp., Yersinia spp., and Hafnia alvei might be associated with the external environment since these species are commonly found in fecal and urine samples of animals, and in many natural environments, such as surface waters, soil, sewage, and vegetation [26][27][28].…”

Numerous uncertainties in the multifaceted global trade in frogs’ legs with the EU as the major consumer

“…According to Dökenel and Özer (2019), P. ridibundus is the primary species for EU imports and, in recent years, it has been involved in farms of the private and public sectors. However, the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in frog farms highlights the need for the development of sustainable frog husbandry to protect animal and human health.…”

“…However, annual exports for the food trade are in the thousands of tonnes or hundreds of millions of individuals (Kusrini and Alford 2006;Gratwicke et al 2010). Notwithstanding the considerable implications on species survivorship, we know less about the impacts of trade than most other threats in terms of effect on local biotic communities and their ecosystems, the spread of diseases and issues resulting from the interaction of wild-caught and farmed species (Lutz and Avery 1999;Dökenel and Özer 2019;Ribeiro et al 2019). While the history of frog farming is marked by many setbacks, it has steadily increased in scale in recent years (FAO 2020;Dodd and Jennings 2021).…”

Interdisciplinary approach to solve unusual mortalities in the European common frog (Rana temporaria) in two high-mountain ponds affected by climate change

“…Bacteriological examination of skin, kidney, lung, brain, and eyes was performed according to standardized protocols (Dökenel and Selmin, 2019;Pastorino et al, 2021). All primary cultures were incubated in triplicate on Columbia blood agar (CBA) and trypticase soy agar (TSA) for 72 h at 22 • C. Colonies were the sub-cultured and incubated at 22 • C for 24 h for biochemical and phenotypic characterization following standardized procedures (Santi et al, 2019;Pastorino et al, 2021).…”