Bacterial cell division at a glance

Mahone, Christopher R.; Goley, Erin D.

doi:10.1242/jcs.237057

Cited by 90 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…These hydrolases are essential for the insertion of new glycan strands into the existing structure ( Hashimoto et al, 2012 ; Singh et al, 2012 ). Cell shape maintenance requires that the sites of new PG synthesis be spatially regulated, often in response to the activity of cytoskeletal filaments such as the MreB ( Domínguez-Escobar et al, 2011 ) and FtsZ proteins ( Mahone and Goley, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PG synthesis by the elongasome relies on the activity of RodA as TG, with bPBPs providing TP activity ( Figure 8A ). A separate complex, the divisome, builds the cross-walls prior to cell separation ( Mahone and Goley, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This synthesis occurs in arcs that are perpendicular to the long access of the cell and is driven by a putative complex known as the elongasome ( Garner et al, 2011 ). Cell division, in contrast, occurs at mid-cell during vegetative growth and is directed by a different cytoskeletal filament, FtsZ, in a complex called the divisome ( Mahone and Goley, 2020 ). In early models, it was suggested that the major aPBP, PBP1 (encoded by the ponA gene), shuttled between the elongasome and divisome to provide the needed TG and TP activities ( Claessen et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A regulatory pathway that selectively up-regulates elongasome function in the absence of class A PBPs

Patel

Zhao

Helmann

2020

eLife

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Bacteria surround themselves with peptidoglycan, an adaptable enclosure that contributes to cell shape and stability. Peptidoglycan assembly relies on penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) acting in concert with SEDS-family transglycosylases RodA and FtsW, which support cell elongation and division respectively. In Bacillus subtilis, cells lacking all four PBPs with transglycosylase activity (aPBPs) are viable. Here, we show that the alternative sigma factor σI is essential in the absence of aPBPs. Defects in aPBP-dependent wall synthesis are compensated by σI-dependent upregulation of an MreB homolog, MreBH, which localizes the LytE autolysin to the RodA-containing elongasome complex. Suppressor analysis reveals that cells unable to activate this σI stress response acquire gain-of-function mutations in the essential histidine kinase WalK, which also elevates expression of sigI, mreBH and lytE. These results reveal compensatory mechanisms that balance the directional peptidoglycan synthesis arising from the elongasome complex with the more diffusive action of aPBPs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A regulatory pathway that selectively up-regulates elongasome function in the absence of class A PBPs

Patel

Zhao

Helmann

2020

eLife

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“…. The Min system and other nucleoid occlusion factors like SlmA specifically position FtsZ to constrain division to this site(55,56). Monterroso and co-workers proposed that prior to Z-ring formation, binding of SlmA to SlmA-binding sequences (SBS) helps sequester FtsZ within condensates near the cell membrane, and that once the cell is ready for division, FtsZ is recruited to the midcell to polymerize into the Z-ring driven by GTP (Fig 2G)(19).Under crowded in vitro conditions with or without GDP, E. coli FtsZ forms droplets, and in the presence of both the polymerization antagonist SlmA and oligonucleotides containing SBS (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

The emergence of phase separation as an organizing principle in bacteria

Azaldegui

Vecchiarelli

Biteen

2020

Preprint

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Recent investigations in bacteria suggest that membraneless organelles play a crucial role in the subcellular organization of bacterial cells. However, the biochemical functions and assembly mechanisms of these compartments have not yet been completely characterized. This Review assesses the current methodologies used in the study of membraneless organelles in bacteria, highlights the limitations in determining the phase of complexes in cells that are typically an order of magnitude smaller than a eukaryotic cell, and identifies gaps in our current knowledge about the functional role of membraneless organelles in bacteria. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is one proposed mechanism for membraneless organelle assembly. Overall, we outline the framework to evaluate LLPS in vivo in bacteria, we describe the bacterial systems with proposed LLPS activity, and we comment on the general role LLPS plays in bacteria and how it may regulate cellular function. Lastly, we provide an outlook for super-resolution microscopy and single-molecule tracking as tools to assess condensates in bacteria.Statement of SignificanceThough membraneless organelles appear to play a crucial role in the subcellular organization and regulation of bacterial cells, the biochemical functions and assembly mechanisms of these compartments have not yet been completely characterized. Furthermore, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is one proposed mechanism for membraneless organelle assembly, but it is difficult to determine subcellular phases in tiny bacterial cells. Thus, we outline the framework to evaluate LLPS in vivo in bacteria and we describe the bacterial systems with proposed LLPS activity in the context of these criteria.

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“…Our literature survey found one observed bacterial diagonal-like division, which is associated with the branching formation in the multicellular cyanobacterium (71). Based on available literature, there is possibly no suggested favourable thermodynamics or physicochemical property of FtsZ ring or other divisome proteins to direct strict-90 degree constriction to long axis of rod bacterial cells (72,73).…”

Section: Cell Curvaturementioning

confidence: 91%

Cell biological studies of ethanologenic bacteriumZymomonas mobilis

Fuchino

Chan

Hwang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Alphaproteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis exhibits extreme ethanologenic physiology, making this species a promising biofuel producer. Numerous studies have investigated its biology relevant to industrial applications and mostly at the population level. However, the organization of single cells in this industrially important, polyploid species has been largely uncharacterized.In the present study, we characterized basic cellular behaviour of Z. mobilis strain Zm6 at a single cell level. We observed that growing Z. mobilis cells often divided at non mid-cell position, which contributed to variant cell size at birth. Yet, the cell size variance was regulated by a modulation of cell cycle span, mediated by a correlation of bacterial tubulin homologue FtsZ-ring accumulation with cell growth. The Z. mobilis culture also exhibited heterogeneous cellular DNA contents among individual cells, which might have been caused by asynchronous replication of chromosome that was not coordinated to cell growth. Furthermore, slightly angled divisions might have rendered temporary curvatures of attached Z. mobilis cells. Overall, the presented study uncovered a novel bacterial cell organization in Z. mobilis, the metabolism of which is not favoured for biosynthesis to build biomass.ImportanceWith increasing environmental concerns about the exhausting use of fossil fuels, a development of sustainable biofuel production platform has been attracting significant public attention. Ethanologenic Z. mobilis species are endowed with an efficient ethanol-fermentation capacity that surpass, in several aspects, that of the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the most used microorganism for ethanol productions. For a development of Z. mobilis culture-based biorefinery, an investigation of its uncharacterized cell biology is important, because bacterial cellular organization and metabolism are closely associated with each other in a single cell compartment.In addition, the current work highlights that polyploid bacterium Z. mobilis exhibits a distinctive mode of bacterial cell organization, reflecting its unique metabolism that do not prioritize incorporation of nutrients to cell growth. Thus, another significance of presented work is to advance our general understanding in the diversity of bacterial cell architecture.

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Bacterial cell division at a glance

Cited by 90 publications

References 82 publications

A regulatory pathway that selectively up-regulates elongasome function in the absence of class A PBPs

A regulatory pathway that selectively up-regulates elongasome function in the absence of class A PBPs

The emergence of phase separation as an organizing principle in bacteria

Cell biological studies of ethanologenic bacteriumZymomonas mobilis

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