Bacterial community in the tunic matrix of a colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans

Groepler, Wolfgang; Schuett, Christian

doi:10.1007/s10152-003-0152-4

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The bacterial spectrum in the developmental stages investigated is similar, except for A. butzleri and Flavobacterium sp. This suggests that intratunical bacteria are transferred from the tunic matrix to the offspring, which corresponds to microscopic observations (Groepler and Schuett 2003). The occurrence of vertical transfer of bacteria from the adult ascidian colony to its offspring is demonstrated by the DGGE profile (data not shown) of a fully developed larva, freed from the egg envelope and all bacteria of the perivitelline space, which shows a distinct main band.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…However, it is most likely that the main band (Rfa) (Fig. 2 shows 11 samples) corresponds to the extremely high numbers of the bipolarly monotrichously flagellated needle-like rods (Groepler and Schuett 2003). These rods were found exclusively inside the tunic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Groepler and Ku¨mmel (1988) observed bacteria in the tunic of Diplosoma migrans for the first time. Later investigations (Groepler 1994;Groepler and Schuett 2003) showed that the tunic harbours high numbers of conspicuous, long, needle-like rods and some other bacterial morphotypes in its interstitial space (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Diversity of intratunical bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans

et al. 2005

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This paper provides the first information on diversity based on sequence data of the 16S rDNA of intratunical bacteria in the colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans and its embryonic offspring. Ascidians were collected from waters near Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). Sample material comprised tunic tissue, bacteria collected from tunic tissue, eggs with single embryos at different developmental stages, and freeswimming larvae. Bacterial 16S rDNA from D. migrans was directly amplified using PCR. DNA species were separated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE profiles generated ca. ten different distinguishable operational taxonomic units. Eleven bands from different sample materials were successfully re-amplified and sequenced. Sequence data generated five different subgroups of intratunical proteobacteria. The dominant band, detected in all of the samples tested, showed a low degree of relationship (84-86%) to Ruminococcus flavefaciens (d-subgroup). A weaker band, located above, which was not detected in all of the samples, was also similarly related to R. flavefaciens. Other bands derived from tunic material and embryonic stages showed closer relationship (ca. 97-99%) to Pseudomonas saccherophilia, a knallgas bacterium, and Ralstonia pickettii, a pathogen bacterium (both members of the b-subgroup). A solitary band generated from tunic material was assigned to a typical marine Flavobacterium symbiont (95%). Finally, a band from isolated bacteria was related (96%) to pathogen Arcobacter butzleri (e-subgroup). At this state of the investigation, a reliable interpretation of the ecological functions of intratunical bacteria cannot yet be given. This is due to the low degree of relationship of some of the bacteria and the fact that not all of the characteristic bands were successfully sequenced. However, the intratunical bacteria represent a unique bacterial community. Their DGGE profiles do not correspond to the profiles of the planktonic bacteria generated from surface seawater close to the ascidian habitat. The allocation of DNA sequences to the different morphotypes, their isolation and culturing, and the elucidation of the physiological functions of intratunical bacteria are in progress.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity of intratunical bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans

et al. 2005

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“…P. didemni thus allows didemnid ascidians to thrive in nutrient-poor, light-rich environments of the tropics. Didemnids have also been found to contain other types of microbes, but unlike P. didemni, without extensive in vivo functional studies (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29).…”

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confidence: 99%

Complex microbiome underlying secondary and primary metabolism in the tunicate- Prochloron symbiosis

Donia

Fricke

Partensky

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

137

175

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The relationship between tunicates and the uncultivated cyanobacterium Prochloron didemni has long provided a model symbiosis. P. didemni is required for survival of animals such as Lissoclinum patella and also makes secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical interest. Here, we present the metagenomes, chemistry, and microbiomes of four related L. patella tunicate samples from a wide geographical range of the tropical Pacific. The remarkably similar P. didemni genomes are the most complex so far assembled from uncultivated organisms. Although P. didemni has not been stably cultivated and comprises a single strain in each sample, a complete set of metabolic genes indicates that the bacteria are likely capable of reproducing outside the host. The sequences reveal notable peculiarities of the photosynthetic apparatus and explain the basis of nutrient exchange underlying the symbiosis. P. didemni likely profoundly influences the lipid composition of the animals by synthesizing sterols and an unusual lipid with biofuel potential. In addition, L. patella also harbors a great variety of other bacterial groups that contribute nutritional and secondary metabolic products to the symbiosis. These bacteria possess an enormous genetic potential to synthesize new secondary metabolites. For example, an antitumor candidate molecule, patellazole, is not encoded in the genome of Prochloron and was linked to other bacteria from the microbiome. This study unveils the complex L. patella microbiome and its impact on primary and secondary metabolism, revealing a remarkable versatility in creating and exchanging small molecules.ascidian | metagenomics | photosynthesis | natural products

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“…Granulocytes with their clearance properties are critical components of innate immune response that involve specific mechanisms of recognition of pathogens to be eliminated. Previous studies have documented the presence of bacteria both inside the tunic and on the cuticle of Ciona (De Leo and Patricolo, 1980;De Leo et al, 1981;Groepler and Schuett, 2003) and cyanobacteria have been observed in the tunic from other ascidians (Hirose et al, 2006(Hirose et al, , 2009b. Recently, Blasiak and co-workers (2014) have analysed the intratunic resident bacterial communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ultrastructural aspects of naturally occurring wound in the tunic of two ascidians: Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata (Tunicata)

Bella

Carbone

Leo

2015

Micron

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a b s t r a c tEfficient wound healing is essential for all animals from insects to mammals. Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata are solitary ascidians belonging to urochordates, a subphylum that occupies a key phylogenetic position as it includes the closest relative to vertebrates. Urochordate first physical barrier against invaders is the tunic, an extracellular matrix that is constantly exposed to all kinds of insults. Thus, when damage occurs, an innate immune response is triggered to eliminate impaired tissue and potentially pathogenic microbes, and restore tissue functionality. Ultrastructural aspects of the tunic in the wound healing process of two ascidians are described. In the injured areas, we evidenced thinning of the tunic and areas of low fibre density, dense intratunic bacterial and protozoan population, and inflammatory aspects such as the increase in tunic cells, their aggregates, and phagocytosis. This is the first report on tunic physical wounding occurring in the natural habitat.

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Bacterial community in the tunic matrix of a colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Diversity of intratunical bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans

Diversity of intratunical bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans

Complex microbiome underlying secondary and primary metabolism in the tunicate- Prochloron symbiosis

Ultrastructural aspects of naturally occurring wound in the tunic of two ascidians: Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata (Tunicata)

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