Bacterial degradation of chlorophenols and their derivatives

Abstract

Chlorophenols (CPs) and their derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants which are used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, pesticides and other industrial products. CPs, which include monochlorophenols, polychlorophenols, chloronitrophenols, chloroaminophenols and chloromethylphenols, are highly toxic to living beings due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and cytotoxic properties. Several physico-chemical and biological methods have been used for removal of CPs from the environment. Bacterial degradation has been considered a cost-effective and eco-friendly method of removing CPs from the environment. Several bacteria that use CPs as their sole carbon and energy sources have been isolated and characterized. Additionally, the metabolic pathways for degradation of CPs have been studied in bacteria and the genes and enzymes involved in the degradation of various CPs have been identified and characterized. This review describes the biochemical and genetic basis of the degradation of CPs and their derivatives.

Catabolism of Phenol and Its Derivatives in Bacteria

“…Several reviews concerning various aspects of bacterial degradation of chlorophenols (Arora & Bae, 2014;Olaniran & Igbinosa, 2011), nitrophenols , and alkylphenols have been recently published. Our review is focused mainly on the genetic basis of the bacterial degradation of phenol and its derivatives, and on the regulation of these processes.…”

Kinetic Mechanism of the Dechlorinating Flavin-dependent Monooxygenase HadA

“…This oxidative dehalogenation is often catalyzed by flavin-dependent monooxygenases (20). These oxygenases include both types of monooxygenases, those that utilize a single protein as well as those that utilize two proteins.…”

Degradation of 4-chloro 2-aminophenol using combined approaches based on microwave and photocatalysis

“…Subordinate peaks observed at m/z 149, m/z 121, m/z 76 and m/z 73 in mass-spectra corresponding to different retention times were of L-methionine, alpha-methylbenzylamine, glycolic acid and isobutylamine respectively. Arora and Bae [47] reported that the anaerobic bacterial treatment of 2,4-dichloro phenol and 2-chloro phenol resulted in the formation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as an intermediate in different reaction pathways. In our earlier work [25], 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, D-glucuronic acid, maleic acid/fumaric acid and L-alanine has been identified as the major intermediates during the degradation of 4C2AP using the combined treatment of hydrodynamic cavitation, UV photolysis and ozone.…”