Bacterial membrane vesicles in inflammatory bowel disease

Outer membrane vesicles from commensal and pathogenic anaerobic bacteria: a systematic review of literature reviews

“…Some of these biomolecules could be biologically active (58,63), and misfolded proteins or exogenous components such as antibiotics and metal ions have also been reported (48). OMVs from B. fragilis exhibited inhibitory activity against other Bacteroidales through the intravesicle antimicrobial peptide Bacteroidales secreted antimicrobial proteins (BSAP) (55).…”

“…For instance, several hydrolytic enzymes such as glycosidases, sulfatases and proteases are contained in vesicles derived from Bacteroides spp. (55). Moreover, OMV envelopes may contain a specific lipid profile that differs from OM, with distinctive differences in the LPS profile (46,50).…”

“…antibiotic resistance, and iv. phage neutralization (35,36,38–40,42,55,70,71,77,78). OMVs play their role in biofilm formation and stabilization by participating in nutrient acquisition, protection against antimicrobial effects, nucleation, and intercellular communication (35,41,70).…”

“…This mechanism may be concomitant with others that increase turgor pressure and promote OM curvature. For example, OMV production could be induced by a negatively charged molecule that induces repulsion of the OM anionic charge (46,55,56) and/or the physical force induced by accumulation of misfolded or overexpressed envelope proteins (46,53).…”

“…The content of OMVs of pathogenic bacteria is involved in host cell invasion, nutrient acquisition, antibiotic resistance, immune modulation, virulence, biofilm formation and intracellular communication (35,36,51,(53)(54)(55)(56)70,71). In addition to transferring toxins to host cells, OMVs contribute to pathogen survival and maintenance of pathogenesis by evading host immunity, aiding adaptation to the stressful environment, and nutrient capture (70).…”