BANA-Positive Plaque Samples Are Associated with Oral Hygiene Practices and Not CD4+ T Cell Counts in HIV-Positive Patients

John, Cathy Nisha; Stephen, Lawrence; Africa, Charlene Wilma Joyce

doi:10.1155/2012/157641

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The increased risk may be caused by depletion of CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ lymphocytes and resultant decreased host immune responses (16,74), increased S. mutans colonization (16), reduced salivary secretion (75,76), and/or poor oral hygiene (77). In the present study, culture methods showed that HIV infection can increase salivary microbial colonization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

HIV Infection and Microbial Diversity in Saliva

et al. 2014

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f Limited information is available about the effects of HIV and subsequent antiretroviral treatment on host-microbe interactions. This study aimed to determine the salivary microbial composition for 10 HIV-seropositive subjects, before and 6 months after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), compared with that for 10 HIV-seronegative subjects. A conventional culture and two culture-independent analyses were used and consistently demonstrated differences in microbial composition among the three sets of samples. HIV-positive subjects had higher levels of total cultivable microbes, including oral streptococci, lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida, in saliva than did HIV-negative subjects. The total cultivable microbial levels were significantly correlated with CD4 ؉ T cell counts. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), which compared the overall microbial profiles, showed distinct fingerprinting profiles for each group. The human oral microbe identification microarray (HOMIM) assay, which compared the 16S rRNA genes, showed clear separation among the three sample groups. Veillonella, Synergistetes, and Streptococcus were present in all 30 saliva samples. Only minor changes or no changes in the prevalence of Neisseria, Haemophilus, Gemella, Leptotrichia, Solobacterium, Parvimonas, and Rothia were observed. Seven genera, Capnocytophaga, Slackia, Porphyromonas, Kingella, Peptostreptococcaceae, Lactobacillus, and Atopobium, were detected only in HIVnegative samples. The prevalences of Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, Granulicatella, and Atopobium were increased after HAART. In contrast, the prevalence of Aggregatibacter was significantly decreased after HAART. The findings of this study suggest that HIV infection and HAART can have significant effects on salivary microbial colonization and composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

HIV Infection and Microbial Diversity in Saliva

et al. 2014

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“…Periodontal clinical measurements included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) as previously described [ 18 ]. These measurements were performed and recorded by a single calibrated examiner (kappa index and intra-class coefficient correlation of agreement for PD measurements = 0.765-0.985).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stage an independent risk factor for altering the periodontal status of HIV-positive patients? A South African study

2013

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BackgroundThe immunosuppresion in HIV patients makes them highly susceptible to microbial infections. The aim of the study was to establish whether HIV stage (as depicted by CD4+ T lymphocyte counts) could independently be associated with periodontal status (as revealed by the measurement of clinical indices).MethodsOne hundred and twenty HIV-infected patients attending an infectious diseases clinic in the Western Cape, South Africa were included in the study. The periodontal clinical indices such as plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth and clinical attachment levels were measured on the mesial aspect of the six Ramfjord teeth. The CD4 + T cell counts were taken from the patients’ medical records and patients’ HIV stage determined and grouped according to their CD4+ T cell counts into A (<200 cells /mm3), B (200–500 cells /mm3) and C (>500 cells /mm3).ResultsThe mean age of 120 HIV-positive patients was 33.25 years and the mean CD4 + T cell count was 293.43 cells/mm3. The probing depth and clinical attachment loss were found to be significantly associated with the total CD4 + T cell counts but not with HIV stage. Significant correlations were found between age and all clinical indices except for clinical attachment loss. No correlation was found between age and HIV stage of the patients. The use of antiretroviral therapy was significantly associated with probing depth and clinical attachment loss, but not with plaque nor gingival index. Significant associations were observed between smoking and all of the clinical indices except for the gingival index. A significant association was observed between the use of interdental aids and all the clinical indices except for probing depth, while brushing was significantly associated with plaque index only. CD4 + T cell counts were significantly associated with brushing frequency (p = 0.0190) and the use of interdental aids (p = 0.0170).ConclusionThe findings of this study conclude that HIV stage, ART and age are not independent risk factors for changes in the periodontal status of HIV-positive subjects but rather that smoking and oral hygiene habits determine their susceptibility to disease.

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“…), and that these associations are not related with CD4+ T lymphocytes levels (John et al. , Pereira et al. ).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Clinical studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between PHVL and some oral infectious diseases, such as periodontal diseases, hairy leukoplakia and candidiasis (Black et al 2000, Patton 2000, Alpagot et al 2004, Ramirez-Amador et al 2005). In addition, It has been hypothesized that, oral infection, such as infections by periodontal pathogens, can stimulate HIV-1 recrudescence of HIV-latently infected cells, with potential failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and consequent increase in PHVL (Gonz alez et al 2009, Jordan 2013 (Pereira et al 2014), and that these associations are not related with CD4+ T lymphocytes levels (John et al 2012, Pereira et al 2014.…”

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confidence: 99%