Bartonella henselae exists as a mosaic of different genetic variants in the infected host

Berghoff, Julia; Viezens, Juliane; Guptill, Lynn; Fabbi, Massimo; Arvand, Mardjan

doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/006379-0

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In the study by Berghoff et al., up to three genetic variants were detected within 20 (58.8%) isolates, indicating that most primary isolates display a mosaic-like structure [11]. The close relatedness of the genetic variants within an isolate was confirmed by MLST.…”

Section: Adaptation Of Bartonella Species To the Mammalian Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation ofBartonellaspecies to their hosts and vectors

et al. 2009

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Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause characteristic host-restricted hemotropic infections in mammals and are typically transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods. In the mammalian reservoir, these bacteria initially infect a yet unrecognized primary niche, which seeds organisms into the blood stream leading to the establishment of a long-lasting intra-erythrocytic bacteremia as the hall-mark of infection. Bacterial type IV secretion systems, which are supra-molecular transporters ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation systems, represent crucial pathogenicity factors that have contributed to a radial expansion of the Bartonella lineage in nature by facilitating adaptation to unique mammalian hosts. On the molecular level, the type IV secretion system VirB/VirD4 is known to translocate a cocktail of different effector proteins into host cells, which subvert multiple cellular functions to the benefit of the infecting pathogen. Furthermore, bacterial adhesins mediate a critical, early step in the pathogenesis of the bartonellae by binding to extracellular matrix components of host cells, which leads to firm bacterial adhesion to the cell surface as a prerequisite for the efficient translocation of type IV secretion effector proteins. The best-studied adhesins in bartonellae are the orthologous trimeric autotransporter adhesins, BadA in Bartonella henselae and the Vomp family in Bartonella quintana. Genetic diversity and strain variability also appear to enhance the ability of bartonellae to invade not only specific reservoir hosts, but also accidental hosts, as shown for B. henselae. Bartonellae have been identified in many different blood-sucking arthropods, in which they are typically found to cause extracellular infections of the mid-gut epithelium. Adaptation to specific vectors and reservoirs seems to be a common strategy of bartonellae for transmission and host diversity. However, knowledge regarding arthropod specificity/restriction, the mode of transmission, and the bacterial factors involved in arthropod infection and transmission is still limited.

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Section: Adaptation Of Bartonella Species To the Mammalian Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation ofBartonellaspecies to their hosts and vectors

et al. 2009

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“…The aim of the present study was to develop a MLST scheme for B. quintana , based on the same genetic loci as those used previously for B. henselae [18], [19], [20], [21], [22]. We validated this scheme against a diverse sample of isolates representing three continents, over 60 years, and differing disease manifestations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Locus Sequence Typing of a Geographically and Temporally Diverse Sample of the Highly Clonal Human Pathogen Bartonella quintana

Arvand¹,

Raoult

Feil

2010

PLoS ONE

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Bartonella quintana is a re-emerging pathogen and the causative agent of a variety of disease manifestations in humans including trench fever. Various typing methods have been developed for B. quintana, but these tend to be limited by poor resolution and, in the case of gel-based methods, a lack of portability. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been used to study the molecular epidemiology of a large number of pathogens, including B. henselae, a close relative of B. quintana. We developed a MLST scheme for B. quintana based on the 7 MLST loci employed for B. henselae with two additional loci to cover underrepresented regions of the B. quintana chromosome. A total of 16 B. quintana isolates spanning over 60 years and three continents were characterized. Allelic variation was detected in five of the nine loci. Although only 8/4270 (0.002%) of the nucleotide sites examined were variable over all loci, these polymorphisms resolved the 16 isolates into seven sequence types (STs). We also demonstrate that MLST can be applied on uncultured isolates by direct PCR from cardiac valve tissue, and suggest this method presents a promising approach for epidemiological studies in this highly clonal organism. Phylogenetic and clustering analyses suggest that two of the seven STs form a distinct lineage within the population.

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“…In a previous study, Kabeya et al (9) reported variations of up to 5 bands in PFGE patterns of B. henselae isolates obtained from naturally infected cats during different bacteremic peaks. However, we have recently demonstrated that genetic variants displaying 1-to 4-band differences frequently occur within primary B. henselae isolates and do not necessarily indicate infection by a different strain (11,12). Careful interpretation of PFGE typing results, use of additional restriction endonucleases, or use of other typing techniques is necessary to ensure correct classifi cation of different patterns to the variant or strain level.…”

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“…It was concluded that the cats were persistently infected with B. henselae (8). We have recently demonstrated the appropriateness of pulsed-fi eld gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for differentiation of B. henselae isolates to the strain level (10,11). Therefore, we analyzed the clonal relationship between sequential B. henselae isolates that were obtained at different times from the blood of 2 cats to determine whether recurrences were caused by the initial strain or a new strain.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(15), who found incomplete cross-protection between isolates with different 16S rRNA alleles. Recent studies have shown that the delineation of B. henselae isolates into 2 genotypes on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence is not consistent with phylogenetic classifi cations using other genetic loci and does not refl ect clonal lineage of isolates (11,14). Reevaluation of induction of cross-protection between different B. henselae strains in an experimental infection model is needed.…”

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ProlongedBartonella henselaeBacteremia Caused by Reinfection in Cats

Arvand

Viezens

Berghoff

2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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We analyzed the genetic relatedness of blood culture isolates of Bartonella henselae from 2 cats of patients with cat-scratch disease at admission and after 12 months. Isolates from each cat at different times were clonally unrelated, which suggested reinfection by a second strain.B artonella henselae is a zoonotic pathogen associated with a broad spectrum of disease manifestations in humans. Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is commonly encountered in immunocompetent patients; in immunocompromised patients, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, and recurrent bacteremia are usually seen. Domestic cats represent the main host and reservoir for B. henselae (1). Recurrent, intraerythrocytic bacteremia develops in infected cats without overt clinical symptoms (2). Experimental infection of specifi c pathogen-free cats with B. henselae induces recurrent episodes of bacteremia, which, in most cases, resolve spontaneously within 22-33 weeks postinfection (3-5). Prolonged bacteremia >7 months has been documented sporadically, e.g., in 1 of 12 experimentally infected cats inoculated with the highest infectious dose (this cat was bacteremic 32 weeks postinfection) (3), or in an unspecifi ed number of cases in 21 experimentally infected cats that were bacteremic 48 weeks postinfection (5).Few studies have investigated the course of recurrent bacteremia in naturally infected cats because follow-up investigations are diffi cult to conduct (1,6-9). Koehler et al.(1) detected recurrent bacteremia with a duration >2 months in 3 cats of patients with bacillary angiomatosis. Kordick et al. (6) reported positive blood cultures in cats of several CSD patients up to 14 months after collection of the initial positive culture. In the latter study, the fi rst blood culture was collected from the index cat of 1 CSD patient 22 months after the onset of the disease in the patient and contained B. henselae (7). Sander et al. (8) found repeated bacteremia in the cat of a CSD patient after 5 months and in 2 other cats after 1 year. In another study, B. henselae was isolated from the blood culture of a cat of a patient who had an episode 2.5 years earlier of debilitating fatigue with a duration of 1 month and without fever or lymphadenopathy (7). B. henselae was isolated again from the blood culture of the index cat after 5 months (7).In these studies, the question whether the cats were still infected by the initial B. henselae strain or had acquired a new strain was not addressed. It was concluded that the cats were persistently infected with B. henselae (8). We have recently demonstrated the appropriateness of pulsed-fi eld gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for differentiation of B. henselae isolates to the strain level (10,11). Therefore, we analyzed the clonal relationship between sequential B. henselae isolates that were obtained at different times from the blood of 2 cats to determine whether recurrences were caused by the initial strain or a new strain. The StudyWe tested 4 isolates of B. henselae: FR96/BK36...

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Bartonella henselae exists as a mosaic of different genetic variants in the infected host

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation ofBartonellaspecies to their hosts and vectors

Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation ofBartonellaspecies to their hosts and vectors

Multi-Locus Sequence Typing of a Geographically and Temporally Diverse Sample of the Highly Clonal Human Pathogen Bartonella quintana

ProlongedBartonella henselaeBacteremia Caused by Reinfection in Cats

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