Basic Pathology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology of Stroke

Pathophysiology and Mechanisms Whereby Hypertension May Cause Stroke

“…Large artery atherosclerosis is the most common type of vascular pathology, in which fibrous and muscular tissues proliferate in the subintima, and fatty materials form plaques that can impinge on the vessel lumen. Platelets then adhere to plaque and form clumps that serve as a nidus for the deposition of fibrin, thrombi, and clot (31). Acute thrombosis begins with fissuring of the fibrous cap of the atherosclerotic plaque, and the release of tissue factors promotes the development of a clot adjacent to the plaque.…”

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“…Stroke is broadly classified as either haemorrhagic or ischaemic with brain ischemia further defined by means of pathophysiological mechanism as that due to thrombosis, generally referring to in situ obstruction of an artery, embolism or hypoperfusion [8]. The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification classifies ischaemic strokes by cause as due to large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small vessel occlusion, stroke of other determined aetiology and stroke of undetermined aetiology [9].…”

Selected Benefits of Pentoxifylline in Acute Ischemic Stroke Management: Consideration of Risk Factors

“…On the obstructed vessel, a core ischemic zone is formed surrounded by the ischemic penumbra, an area that can still be saved by restoring blood flow to that particular area (Caplan, 2009). In a study conducted by Ott et al, hyper viscosity was found in 40% of acute ischemic stroke patients (Ott, Fazekas, Tschinkel, Bertha, & Lechner, 1983).…”

“…Peripheral resistance is arterial resistance to blood flow. Peripheral resistance is determined by autonomic activity, pharmacological agents, blood viscosity, and endothelial dysfunction (Caplan, 2009).…”

“…In a study conducted by Ott et al, hyper viscosity was found in 40% of acute ischemic stroke patients (Ott, Fazekas, Tschinkel, Bertha, & Lechner, 1983). Blood viscosity, one of the parameters used to determine peripheral resistance, plays an important role in determining the cerebral perfusion pressure and cerebral blood flow (Caplan, 2009). A hyper viscosity state in the ischemic penumbra can cause a decerease in blood flow to that area and lead to an infarction (Rasyid, 2014).…”