Basic Phonetic Principles of Visible Speech

Abstract

The phonetic principles basic to the legibility and interpretation of visible speech are discussed in this paper along with the unique characteristics which differentiate the patterns of individual sounds and sound groups. The visible patterns are interpreted in terms of physiological phonetics and the types of modulation used by the speaker in producing the sounds. A threefold comparative classification is developed, including physiological, audible, and visible descriptions of the sounds used in American speech. From the analysis and interpretation of the visible patterns, suggestions are made concerning the inclusion of several sound variations that heretofore have not been of interest generally to phoneticians, and a reconsideration of the classification of some sound units. In analyzing or reading speech patterns, problems arise from the innumerable and varied patterns formed by sound combinations. A key and system for the recognition and interpretation of these varied patterns which result from the transitional movements between sounds are presented in some detail. Similarities and differences apparent in the audible speech of different individuals are portrayed in the present visible patterns to a limited extent. While the limitations in the translation of the range and variation of frequency and intensity, and of vocal quality, simplify the patterns, they also tend to obscure the phonetic factors which are essential in differentiating individual speakers. The terminology developed for visible speech is introduced as it is required in the course of this discussion of the basic phonetic principles of visible speech.

The highs and lows of wheezing: A review of the most popular adventitious lung sound

“…The motivation to create permanent visual records of the distribution of sound energy in both frequency and time led to the first sound spectrograph, an analog electrical signal processing device, in the 1940s . Its earliest application was in the presentation of vowel formants in speech, and a decade later in the documentation of heart and lung sounds…”