Basic virology of SARS-CoV 2

Ravi, V; Saxena, Sonal

doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.02.005

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Coronaviruses, enveloped viruses with a single, positive-strand RNA, are common in animals, including humans [ 1 ]. These viruses are spherical, with a diameter of about 100 nm, and have distinctive crown-like projections or spikes on their surfaces, hence the name “corona” (Latin for crown) [ 2 ]. Of the coronaviruses known to be infectious and pathogenic to humans, SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), utilizes S-glycoprotein [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Matsuzaka

Yashiro

2023

Vaccines

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Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccines are mainly used as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Despite several issues concerning storage, stability, effective period, and side effects, viral vector vaccines are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Recently, viral vector-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested as useful tools, owing to their safety and ability to escape from neutral antibodies. Herein, we summarize the possible cellular mechanisms underlying EV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Matsuzaka

Yashiro

2023

Vaccines

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“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious pathogenic coronavirus that appeared in late 2019 causing a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, which is known today as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[ 1 ]. At a fast rate, the virus spread worldwide, replicated, and mutated into multiple major variants, posing a threat to global public health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the liver

Sanyaolu¹,

Marinković²,

Abbasi³

et al. 2023

World J Virol

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There have been numerous concerns about the disease and how it affects the human body since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic began in December 2019. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver is being carefully investigated due to an increase in individuals with hepatitis and other liver illnesses, such as alcoholic liver disease. Additionally, the liver is involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs used to treat comorbidities and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Determining how SARS-CoV-2 affects the liver and what factors place individuals with COVID-19 at a higher risk of developing liver problems are the two main objectives of this study. This evaluation of the literature included research from three major scientific databases. To provide an update on the current impact of COVID-19 on the liver, data was collected and relevant information was incorporated into the review. With more knowledge about the effect of the disease on the liver, better management and therapeutics can be developed, and education can ultimately save lives and reduce the long-term impact of the pandemic on our population.

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“…Nucleocapsid, membrane and spike proteins are encoded by the peerless regions of the mRNAs ( 7 ). Among these structural proteins, the spike protein illustrates large protrusions from the virus surface, creating the crown appearance of coronaviruses with its two subunits, S1 and S2 ( 17 ). Apart from mediating virus entry into the host cell, spike protein is a crucial determinant of viral host spacing and tissue tropism, and the major stimulator of host immune responses ( 18 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spike proteins situate on the virus's membrane and bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which was found to be a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 that is utilized by a virus-infected host cell, allowing the viral entry of the virus through endocytosis ( 16 , 19 ). The ACE2's binding site is found in the S1 part of the spike protein, in the receptor binding domain (RBD) ( 17 ). ACE2 is mainly present in the lung, heart, kidney, liver, intestine, and other tissues ( 16 , 19 , 20 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactoferrin for COVID-19 prevention, treatment, and recovery

et al. 2022

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a unique beta-coronavirus, has caused the most serious outbreak of the last century at the global level. SARS-CoV-2 infections were firstly reported in the city of Wuhan in China in 2019 and this new disease was named COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO). As this novel disease can easily be transmitted from one individual to another via respiratory droplets, many nations around the world have taken several precautions regarding the reduction in social activities and quarantine for the limitation of the COVID-19 transmission. SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause complications that may include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, septic shock, and death. To prevent and treat COVID-19, some significant studies have been conducted since the outbreak. One of the most noticeable therapeutic approaches is related to a multifunctional protein, lactoferrin. Lactoferrin (Lf) is an 80 kDa cationic glycoprotein that has a great range of benefits from improving the immunity to antiviral effects due to its unique characteristics such as the iron-binding ability. This review summarizes the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential applications of Lf for the prevention, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19.

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Basic virology of SARS-CoV 2

Cited by 30 publications

References 37 publications

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the liver

Lactoferrin for COVID-19 prevention, treatment, and recovery

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