Batch leaching of Pb-contaminated shooting range soil using citric acid-modified washing solution and electrochemical reduction

Etim, Effiong Ukorebi

doi:10.1007/s13762-018-1909-2

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Temporal variations in Pb concentration over a period of about twenty years at the impact berm (where bullet fragments are deposited) of the shooting range is illustrated in Figure 2. The accumulation of bullet fragments resulting from continuous usage of the range for shooting activities coupled with weathering and prevalent soil conditions at the berm has resulted in exponential five-fold increase in Pb concentrations [26,28,[37][38][39]. As observed in Figure 2, there's constant rise in soil-Pb levels from 2004 although to 2017 with slight drop in 2018.…”

Section: Figure 1 Graphical Display Of Soil Metal Datamentioning

confidence: 95%

Assessment of spatial distribution of lead in soils around an active military shooting range

Etim,

Ola

2024

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry

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In this study, the extent of Pb contamination around an active military shooting range is re-assessed to ascertain current contamination status comparatively to data’s reported 20 years ago. This is because lead bullet disintegration and mobility takes several years and extensively affects levels of soil-Pb contamination. A total of 120 topsoil samples were collected within the impact area (front) and non-impact area (back) for Pb determination. High concentrations of Pb were found at impact berm both front (28940±2996 μg/g) and back (775±128 μg/g). Spatial distribution of contamination reflects the distances from berm. Soil-Pb contamination around non-impact area was notable at back berm through to 100 m distance with significant difference in Pb, Cr, Ni and Zn levels. Concentration of Pb at berm was observed to have increase five-fold over a period of about twenty years from previous study with accumulation factor of about 1000. Principal component analysis PCA indicated 67 % of total metal load of range soil was majorly from impact areas of the berm. The correspondence analysis relay plot shows pollution order of Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu. This confirms soil contamination especially around the impact area, i.e. impact berm and firing lines and non-impact area at 0 m, 10 m, 50 m and 100 m. Environmental consequence of high soil-Pb levels within the range especially non-impact areas utilized for farming activities will leave much to desire. Hence, extensive and continuous monitoring is needed. However, remediation through appropriate soil washing technique could reduce Pb levels and improve soil condition regardless of age.

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Section: Figure 1 Graphical Display Of Soil Metal Datamentioning

confidence: 95%

Assessment of spatial distribution of lead in soils around an active military shooting range

Etim,

Ola

2024

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry

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“…lower pH will tend to favor greater solubility of metals [35]. The soils have typical properties of sandy, loamy and clay soils in respect to mechanical properties, organic matter content, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and cation exchange capacity [6,23,24]. These soil properties are generally characteristic of tropical geological environment of the Precambrian basement complex formations [36].…”

Section: Soil Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Greater emphases have now been placed on the use of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) which are more biodegradable and have less secondary ecological risk, because they can be produced by plant roots or microorganisms [20,21]. Some LMWOAs such as acetic, citric, oxalic and tartaric acids have recently been used for soil washing [3,13,[22][23][24]. However, their removal efficiency is not as effective as inorganic acids or chelating agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of tartaric acid modified washing solutions for lead decontamination of tropical soils

Etim

2020

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry

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Tartaric acid is generally not an effective soil washing solution, hence this study focuses on enhancing its usage for soil-Pb decontamination. Three tropical soil types (sandy, clay and loamy) with different lead concentrations were subjected to single batch washing using 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M tartaric acid with 5% and 10% KCl modification at 3% soil-pulp-density for 2, 6, 12 and 24 h washing time. The optimum washing conditions were 1 M tartaric acid at 24 h washing time, with Pb removal efficiency: sandy- 94.3%, clay-67.6% and loamy-36.8%. Modification of tartaric acid with 5% and 10% KCl brought about some degree of enhancement of Pb removal efficiency especially for clay and loamy soils. Removal efficiency for 5% KCl modification were: sandy-97.9%, clay-96.2% with 1 M tartaric acid at 24 h washing time, loamy-76.7% for 0.5 M tartaric acid. Similarly, 10% KCl modification were: sandy-96.7%, clay-97.2% for 1 M tartaric acid at 24 h, loamy-82.1% for 0.5 M tartaric acid. Removal efficiency was soil concentration dependent. Generally, removal efficiency increased with increasing tartaric acid concentrations and washing time. Tartaric acid washing is promising and recommended in events of moderate contamination and 10% KCl modification in event of high level contamination. Further study is needed on enhancing very low concentrations of tartaric acid for large scale applications.

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Study on the enhancement of citric acid chemical leaching of contaminated soil by modified nano zero-valent iron

Zhang,

Zhou,

Tang

et al. 2024

Environ Geochem Health

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Batch leaching of Pb-contaminated shooting range soil using citric acid-modified washing solution and electrochemical reduction

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Assessment of spatial distribution of lead in soils around an active military shooting range

Assessment of spatial distribution of lead in soils around an active military shooting range

Enhancement of tartaric acid modified washing solutions for lead decontamination of tropical soils

Study on the enhancement of citric acid chemical leaching of contaminated soil by modified nano zero-valent iron

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