BBD Driven Optimization of Extraction of Therapeutically Active Xanthanoid Mangiferin from Mangifera indica L. Leaves and its Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

Background: Mangiferin, a C-glucosyl xanthone present in Mangifera indica leaves exhibits profuse pharmacological activities. Our research highlights the process parameter at which high yield of Mangiferin can be extracted from Mangifera indica leaves in "one run." Objectives:The study compares the efficacy of different modern and traditional methods for mangiferin extraction. Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was employed for optimizing the process parameters for the Mangiferin extraction from Mangifera indica leaves. Materials and Methods: Extraction conditions (extraction temperature, drug to solvent ratio, and extraction time) were optimized by Response-Surface Methodology (RSM), specifically BBD. Quantification analysis of Mangiferin in different extracts was done using HPLC. Further, the antioxidant potential of M. indica extracts in different solvents were evaluated using DPPH method. Results: Reflux technique, a hot solvent extraction method, conferred the highest yield of Mangiferin and ethanol was found to be the most efficient extractive solvent. Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for mangiferin extraction were established as extraction time-63.653 min, extraction temperature-63.563°C and drug to solvent ratio-1:22.634 g/ml. Under such conditions, Mangiferin was yielded as 90.31 mg/g, which was nearly close to the predicted value of 91.096 mg/g. The ethanolic extract has revealed significant antioxidant potential with a percentage inhibition of 59.76 %. Conclusion:The reflux technique stood out to be the best amongst all the other thermal and non-thermal modes of extraction used, and ethanol proves to be the most efficient extracting solvent. Additionally, Mangiferin extraction was significantly affected by all three different variables. Our study highlights the use of RSM, a modern-day statistical technique in the extraction field of therapeutically potent phytocompounds, which makes the optimization method cheap and less laborious than the traditional optimization method.

Application of QbD‐based approach to the development and validation of an RP‐HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of pregabalin and naringin in dual‐drug loaded liposomes

“…Pregabalin, an anticonvulsant and anxiolytic drug (Figure 1), is widely used to treat epilepsy, generalized anxiety disorder (Pregabalin, 2019), neuropathic pain (Frampton, 2014), restless leg syndrome and fibromyalgia (Iftikhar et al, 2017). Naringin, a flavonoid (Figure 1b), has been extensively explored both in vivo and in vitro and found to exhibit multifaceted pharmacological activities which include antiasthmatic (Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), antiosteoporotic (Gupta, Adin, Aqil, Mujeeb, & Ahad, 2022), antiapoptotic (Adin, Gupta, Ahad, et al, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), antitumor (Adin, Gupta, Ali, et al, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), antioxidant (Adin, Gupta, Ali, et al, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), anti‐infammatory (Adin, Gupta, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), anti‐ulcer (Adinet al, 2023a; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), neuroprotective (Adin, Gupta, Aqil, Mujeeb, & Ahad, 2023; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), anxiolytic (Adinet al, 2023b; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022) and anticarcinogenic activities (Adin, Gupta, Aqil, et al, 2023; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2023). A combination of PRG and NRN is expected to be effective against neuropathic pain, anxiety and epilepsy owing to their therapeutic potential.…”

“…explored both in vivo and in vitro and found to exhibit multifaceted pharmacological activities which include antiasthmatic , antiosteoporotic , antiapoptotic (Adin, Gupta, Ahad, et al, 2022;, antitumor (Adin, Gupta, Ali, et al, 2022;, antioxidant (Adin, Gupta, Ali, et al, 2022;, anti-infammatory , anti-ulcer (Adinet al, 2023a;, neuroprotective (Adin, Gupta, Aqil, Mujeeb, & Ahad, 2023;, anxiolytic (Adinet al, 2023b; and anticarcinogenic activities . A combination of PRG and NRN is expected to be effective against neuropathic pain, anxiety and epilepsy owing to their therapeutic potential.…”

Application of a Quality by Design‐based approach in development and validation of an RP‐HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of methotrexate and mangiferin in dual drug‐loaded liposomes

“…Thus, our work involves the development of an economical, sensitive, robust, simple, rapid and effective HPLC method for synchronous detection of MTX and MNF utilizing the QbD approach. Validation of the developed method was done as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines (Adin, Gupta, Ali, et al, 2022; Adin et al, 2022a, 2022b; Adin et al, 2023a, 2023b; Adin, Gupta, Aqil, et al, 2022; Adin, Gupta, Rashid, et al, 2023; Guideline IHT, 2005b; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022; Gupta et al, 2023a, 2023b; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, Mujeeb, & Ahad, 2022; Gupta et al, 2022a, 2022b; Gupta, Adin, Rashid, et al, 2023). To the best of our knowledge, there is no analytical method reported for the simultaneous estimation of MTX and MNF in dual drug‐loaded nanopharmaceuticals.…”

Linalool-Incorporated Synergistically Engineered Modified Liposomal Nanocarriers for Enhanced Transungual Delivery of Terbinafine against Onychomycosis

“…Henceforth, to triumph over this barrier, various tactics have been used, amongst which the use of penetration enhancers excels over other approaches. Permeation enhancers disrupt the dense keratinous nail plate and thus augment the diffusion gradient and permeation of the drug through the nail plate [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”