Be-In/Be-Out with Bluetooth Low Energy: Implicit Ticketing for Public Transportation Systems

Narzt, Wolfgang; Mayerhofer, Stefan; Weichselbaum, Otto; Haselböck, Stefan; Hofler, Niklas

doi:10.1109/itsc.2015.253

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For his part, Shingte et al in [35] developed a bus alert and accident system for the blind, it consists of an accelerometer sensor and the GPS-system for sending the location of the user through SMS messages. Also, Nartz et al [36] used BLE technology for the implementation of a system for ticketing services in public transportation. In addition, Sahana et al [37] presented a system called PinealEyeForBling.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outdoor Navigation Assistance System for Visually Impaired People in Public Transportation

et al. 2021

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Visually impaired and blind people (VIBP) have to face significant difficulties on trying to locate public transport vehicles and bus stops due to their vision restrictions. Over the past decade, diverse assistance systems have been developed to solve this problem. However, most of them are based upon the global positioning system (GPS) and present satellite coverage problems in indoor environments. Some others are wearable prototypes that turn out to be onerous for the user. This paper presents an assistance system for VIBP in the use of public transportation. The proposed system uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology for location and communication purposes and a developed mobile application for user-smartphone interaction. The BLE beacons are installed on buses and their stops; accordingly, the mobile application tracks them in real-time and provides the relevant information to the user by means of verbal instructions; transportation line, destination, next stop name, and current location. This information allows the user to properly select the desired bus in advance and get off at the correct destination stop. The proposed system has been tested within two different scenarios; (1) under controlled conditions and (2) in a real environment. The results show that the proposed system is 97.6% effective when VIBP travel from one point to another independently. In addition, according to an assessment sheet completed by the participants, the proposed system grants them greater confidence and independence than GPS-based systems because of the following reasons; firstly, it can work with internet connection or without internet connection. Secondly, it is not an onerous system; information about the location of vehicles and stops is provided in real-time. Last but not least, it does not present satellite coverage problems in indoor environments. INDEX TERMSAssistive technology, visually impaired people, blind passenger, mobile application, public transport, bluetooth low energy technology I. SALVADOR MARTÍNEZ-CRUZ received the degree in Electromechanical Engineering and the M.Sc. degree in Mechatronics from the Faculty of Engineering, University Autonomous of Queretaro, Mexico, in 2016 and 2019, respectively. He is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree at the Autonomous University of Queretaro with the department of Mechatronics, Mexico. His research interests are in the fields of image processing, signal processing, and mechatronics. LUIS A. MORALES-HERNÁNDEZ received the degree in electromechanical engineering, the M.Sc. degree in instrumentation and automatic control, and the Ph.D. degree in engineering from the Faculty of Engineering, University Autonomous of Queretaro, Mexico, in 2004, 2005, and 2009, respectively. He is currently a Head Professor with the Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, where he holds electromechanical engineering and mechatronics master's and doctoral positions, respectively. He is involved in some governmental projects and technology transfer contracts to in...

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outdoor Navigation Assistance System for Visually Impaired People in Public Transportation

et al. 2021

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“…concerning PTS timeliness and vehicle-kilometers (Uniman et al 2010;Pelletier et al 2011;Wang et al 2011;Barabino et al 2014 (Pelletier et al 2011;Stelzer et al 2016). • Charge travelers for their journeys (Zeller 2013;Narzt et al 2015;Zöscher et al 2015).…”

Section: Literature Review: Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where the travelers unconsciously obtain their tickets while traveling, also exist. Narzt et al (2015) propose a system, in which the traveler carries a bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacon or a BLE-enabled smartphone. The BLE-device broadcasts a unique ID, which is received by an On-Board System (OBS).…”

Section: Review Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the potential of using real-time traveler data in public transport disturbance management

Jevinger

Persson

2019

Public Transp

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New and emerging technologies, such as connected sensors, smartphones and smart cards, offer new possibilities to collect rich real-time information about travelers. Moreover, smartphones also enable travelers to actively share information, for instance, about their intended travel plans. This type of information can be used to improve public transport disturbance management. In this paper, the potential gain of collecting different types of information about travelers is explored to support action decisions made by public transport actors, during unplanned disturbances. Based on interviews and workshops, the paper provides a mapping between different information types and possible action decisions that can be supported. Furthermore, based on a literature review focused on current and potential technical solutions, a guidance to which solutions support which type of action decisions, is also provided. Amongst others, the results show that automated fare collection, which is one of the most commonly implemented systems providing real-time information about the traveler, can support a large number of action decisions relevant in unplanned disturbance scenarios. The technical solution providing the most extensive information, and thereby providing the best support for the action decisions, involves smartphone apps delivering user-generated information. The drawback with this solution is that it might violate privacy, and that it typically relies on the travelers providing relevant information voluntarily.

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“…Although BLE is a very recent technology, and its standard has not a specification for a mesh network topology yet, there are interesting works analyzing the BLE standard and related applications: the Array of Things project of Chicago [ 22 ]; inter-vehicular communications [ 23 ]; power management in smart homes [ 19 ]; passengers control [ 24 ] or remote lock system [ 25 ]. However, our main focus is on papers related with mesh transmission using BLE.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Sensor Networks to Internet of Things. Bluetooth Low Energy, a Standard for This Evolution

Hortelano

Olivares

Ruiz

et al. 2017

Sensors

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Current sensor networks need to be improved and updated to satisfy new essential requirements of the Internet of Things, where cutting-edge applications will appear. These requirements are: total coverage, zero fails (high performance), scalability and sustainability (hardware and software). We are going to evaluate Bluetooth Low Energy as wireless transmission technology and as the ideal candidate for these improvements, due to its low power consumption, its low cost radio chips and its ability to communicate with users directly, using their smartphones or smartbands. However, this technology is relatively recent, and standard network topologies are not able to fulfil its new requirements. To address these shortcomings, the implementation of other more flexible topologies (as the mesh topology) will be very interesting. After studying it in depth, we have identified certain weaknesses, for example, specific devices are needed to provide network scalability, and the need to choose between high performance or sustainability. In this paper, after presenting the studies carried out on these new technologies, we propose a new packet format and a new BLE mesh topology, with two different configurations: Individual Mesh and Collaborative Mesh. Our results show how this topology improves the scalability, sustainability, coverage and performance.Keywords: bluetooth low energy; mesh topology; Industry 4.0; Collaborative Mesh; Internet of Things (IoT); sensor network Our Previous WorkOur research group at the Albacete Research Institute of Informatics (I3A) [1] has been actively involved in the study and deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for indoor and outdoor monitoring. Our research work started in 2005 with Wisevine [2], a regional Project with industrial partners. This Project enabled us to introduce this new technology into an important sector in our region: vine growing. We developed a computer-based information system and an operational prototype for capturing and processing data, which allows the data to be easily analysed by the specialists. Twenty two measurements points with three nodes located at three different heights were deployed (66 Mica2 nodes capturing data, see Figure 1). Data collected by the deployed sensors provides farmers with relevant information. This information can be used together with other tools for daily decision-making. Furthermore, the information generated throughout a season or year should prove valuable to improve farm performance.

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Be-In/Be-Out with Bluetooth Low Energy: Implicit Ticketing for Public Transportation Systems

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

An Outdoor Navigation Assistance System for Visually Impaired People in Public Transportation

An Outdoor Navigation Assistance System for Visually Impaired People in Public Transportation

Exploring the potential of using real-time traveler data in public transport disturbance management

From Sensor Networks to Internet of Things. Bluetooth Low Energy, a Standard for This Evolution

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