“…While these data demonstrated long-term insecticidal effect of imidacloprid treatment [108], it raises public concern of the potential environmental impact due to its persistence post application [106]. Depending on the application methods used, imidacloprid can be present in detectable concentrations in leaves, vascular fluids, pollen and soils, which could unintentionally target beneficial arthropods in the forest; accelerate declines in populations of honey bees and other pollinators which are a vital part to our food security [109]; decrease the abundance and richness of soil-dwelling organisms; and cause unintentional stress of local microclimates [2,99,108,110,111,112]. …”