2001
DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(00)00003-6
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Behavioral Effects Following Subacute Inhalation Exposure to m-Xylene or Trimethylbenzene in the Rat

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Cited by 19 publications
(13 citation statements)
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“…In another study, the effect of a 4-week inhalation exposure to TMB at concentrations of 0, 25, 100, or 250 ppm on radial maze performance, open-field activity, passive avoidance, active two-way avoidance and shock-induced changes in the pain sensitivity reflecting the magnitude of the shock-induced fear response (Gralewicz et al, 1997). Other studies confirmed these results, showing that air exposure to benzene or analogues, at concentrations close to the current hygiene standard values, may produce long-lasting functional changes in the rat central nervous system (Wiaderna et al, 1998;Gralewicz and Wiaderna, 2001). In harmony with previous studies, others have found that pre-narcotic concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, pxylene) induce changes in the rat motor behavior.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 82%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…In another study, the effect of a 4-week inhalation exposure to TMB at concentrations of 0, 25, 100, or 250 ppm on radial maze performance, open-field activity, passive avoidance, active two-way avoidance and shock-induced changes in the pain sensitivity reflecting the magnitude of the shock-induced fear response (Gralewicz et al, 1997). Other studies confirmed these results, showing that air exposure to benzene or analogues, at concentrations close to the current hygiene standard values, may produce long-lasting functional changes in the rat central nervous system (Wiaderna et al, 1998;Gralewicz and Wiaderna, 2001). In harmony with previous studies, others have found that pre-narcotic concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, pxylene) induce changes in the rat motor behavior.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…In fact, the neurobehavioral alterations caused by aromatic hydrocarbons have been studied in various animal models. Rats exposed at 100 ppm to benzene analogues in dynamic inhalation chambers showed behavioral alterations detectable also some week after exposure, such as significantly higher spontaneous locomotor activity as assessed with the open-field test, impaired acquisition but not retention of active avoidance response as assessed with the shuttle-box test, increased latencies of the paw-lick response to heat and impaired acquisition of passive avoidance responses (Gralewicz and Wiaderna, 2001). Taken together, these results do not indicate cognitive impairments, after benzene analogues' exposure, but rather a decreased ability to inhibit locomotor response, especially in fearinducing environment.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reproductive toxicity tests did not identify any effects on fertility (Lehotzky et al 1985a, McKee et al 1990). In subchronic neurotoxicity tests, there were no persistent changes in motor activity or functional observations and no pathological changes in the nervous system (Douglas et al 1993, Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002, although there have been reports of functional changes following the administration of pain (Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002. Genetic toxicity studies have mostly been negative (Schreiner et al 1989), although one C9 isomer was reported as mutagenic when tested under in vitro conditions (Janik-Spiechowicz et al 1998a, 1998b.…”
Section: Aromatic Solvents (C9-c12)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There were three studies of similar design that were conducted to characterize the potential for repeated exposure to TMB isomers to cause chronic neurological effects (Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002. Rats were exposed to TMB isomers for periods ranging from 4 weeks to 3 months at exposure levels ranging from 25-250 ppm (125-1250 mg/m 3 ).…”
Section: Subchronic Neurological Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Motor vehicle emissions and fuel spillage are a major source of arenes in the urban environment (Calvert et al, 2002), resulting from the high proportion of arenes present in gasoline (especially in European and diesel formulations) and the close relationship between fuel composition and exhaust composition with respect to aromatics (Leppard et al, 1993(Leppard et al, , 1995. Arenes are classified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and exposure has been linked to dermal absorption and subsequent biotransformation into harmful metabolites (Pellack-Walker and Blumer, 1986); leukaemia (Carletti and Romano, 2002), cytogenetic damage (Celik et al, 2003) and persisting neurobehavioural disturbances in humans (Mikkelsen, 1997) and laboratory rats (Gralewicz and Wiaderna, 2001). Aromatic hydrocarbons are common trace components of the urban atmosphere, and given their associated health risk, their primacy as tropospheric ozone precursors (Derwent et al, 1996) and the contributions of their oxidation products towards secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation (Odum et al, 1997), it is highly pertinent to investigate factors affecting the atmospheric lifetime (e.g.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%