Benveniste’s Experiments Explained by a Non-Conventional Experimenter Effect

Abstract

Background: Benveniste’s biology experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules (“memory of water”). In this article, it is proposed that these disputed experiments could have been the consequence of a previously unnoticed and non-conventional experimenter effect. Methods: A probabilistic modelling is built in order to describe an elementary laboratory experiment. A biological system is modelled with two possible states (“resting” and “activated”) and exposed to two experimental conditions labelled “control” and “test”, but both are biologically inactive. The modelling takes into account not only the biological system, but also the experimenters. In addition, an outsider standpoint is adopted to describe the experimental situation. Results: A classical approach suggests that, after experiment completion, the “control” and “test” labels of biologically-inactive conditions should both be associated with the “resting” state (i.e., no significant relationship between labels and system states). However, if the fluctuations of the biological system are also considered, a quantum-like relationship emerges and connects labels and system states (analogous to a biological “effect” without molecules). Conclusions: No hypotheses about water properties or other exotic explanations are needed to describe Benveniste’s experiments, including their unusual features. This modelling could be extended to other experimental situations in biology, medicine, and psychology.

“Memory of water” experiments explained with no role assigned to water: Pattern expectation after classical conditioning of the experimenter

“…Moreover, the use of mathematical notations unfamiliar to most biologists or physicians was also an inconvenience. In a further step, it appeared that the modelling could be built by using only classical probability even though the quantum logic was inconspicuously at work [19,24]. The present article completes the modelling by proposing classical conditioning as the primum movens of Benveniste's experiments.…”

Existence of Quantum Pharmacology in Sartans: Evidence in Isolated Rabbit Iliac Arteries

“…These studies propose that through mathematical models of quantum electrodynamics, pure liquid water exhibits particular electrodynamic behavior, supporting coherent domains and the transfer of information, which may contribute to receptor interaction through electromagnetic signal transduction during the serial dilution process [25,[55][56][57]. Research suggests that electromagnetic resonance, in addition to conventional physiochemical receptor interaction, may induce changes in receptor confirmation to provide a mechanism for which ultra-diluted compounds could produce biological effects [47,[58][59][60][61][62]. The concept of water "memory" is meat with heavy skepticism due to the lack of established theoretical models; however, the continuing development of quantum principles and ongoing research into the properties of water will be essential to investigating the mechanisms of this biological phenomenon.…”

Memory of water - water as a medium of information transfer

“…Ever since 1988, when the French biologist Jacques Benveniste published the results of his team's research in the journal Nature and in some way founded the term "water memory" [3], there has been no single response of the scientific community towards this phenomenon. Indeed, even after 30 years, various questions, doubts and interpretations arise on this topic, and it cannot be ignored [4,5]. What still emerges today as relatively new, unknown, or rather insufficient is the ability of water to store and transmit information.…”