Benzoic Acid and Its Hydroxylated Derivatives Suppress Early Blight of Tomato (Alternaria solani) via the Induction of Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidant Defense Machinery

Nehela, Yasser; Taha, Naglaa; Elzaawely, Abdelnaser A.; Xuan, Tran Dang; Amin, Mohammed A.; Ahmed, Mohamed E.; El-Nagar, Asmaa

doi:10.3390/jof7080663

Cited by 41 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…One of the previous studies found that the application of benzoic acid and its hydroxylated derivatives upregulated salicylic acid-binding protein (SABP2) and pathogenesis-related protein (PRB1-2) gene expressions and reduced A. solani disease severity [61]. Therefore, we investigated the modes of action of FytoSol and INA on SABP2 and PRB1-2 gene expressions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although INA is an analog of the SA, it does not trigger any changes in SA levels unlike the exogenous application of SA [43]. However, other SA-analog; benzothiadiazole (BTH), and benzoic acid applications increased SA levels and induced resistance against EB [35,61], providing insight into the uniqueness of each elicitor for plant protection. Related to these findings, FytoSol and INA applications did not upregulate the expression of PRB1-2 (Figure 4A), one of the pathogenesis-related-like proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, FytoSol showed promising effects as a plant defense elicitor against A. solani without a direct toxic effect on the pathogen [35]. While studies showed that mostly JA-and ET-related defense responses act against necrotrophic pathogens and SA-related defenses act against biotrophs [46], recent studies also provided controversial information to claim that SA-, ET-, and JArelated defense responses involve widespread transcriptional reprogramming against A. solani [48,61,82]. In this study, FytoSol's defense induction activity seemed to target PR3 induction against A. solani.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FytoSol, a Promising Plant Defense Elicitor, Controls Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease in the Tomato by Inducing Host Resistance-Associated Gene Expression

Bektaş¹

2022

Horticulturae

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Early blight (EB), caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani, is one of the most common and destructive diseases in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The use of fungicides is a prominent tactic used to control EB; however, their undesirable effects on the environment and human health, as well as involvement in the development of resistant strains, have driven researchers to search for new alternatives. Plant defense elicitors are exogenous defense-triggering molecules that induce a plant’s defense system associated with extensive transcriptional- and metabolic reprogramming of the genome and do not cause direct toxicity to phytopathogens. Moreover, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) was an early-identified and strong plant defense elicitor to various phytopathogens. Recently, the combination of chitosan oligomers and pectin-derived oligogalacturonides that can mimic the induction of plants by a pathogen or damaged-derived molecules (PAMP and DAMP) were characterized as defense elicitors, named FytoSol. In this study, the preventive roles of these two defense elicitors—FytoSol and INA—against EB disease and its molecular basis, were explored. According to the results, FytoSol significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 30% for almost one month with an AUDPC value of 399 compared to the control, which had an AUDPC value of 546. On the contrary, INA did not provide any protection against EB. Gene expression analyses of these two distinct plant defense elicitors indicated that the expression patterns of several SA-, JA-, or ET-pathway-related genes (Pti4, TPK1b, Pto kinase, TomloxD, PRB1-2, SABP2, WRKY33b, WRKY70, PR-5, and PR3) were induced by defense elicitors differently. FytoSol extensively upregulated gene expressions of PR3, downregulated the SA-related defense pathway, and provided remarkable protection against the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani. On the contrary, INA mostly induced genes related to biotrophic and/or hemibiotrophic pathogen protection. Our results indicate that FytoSol is a promising plant defense elicitor against EB and the modes of action of the elicitors are important to characterize their effects against pathogens. Further research may extend the use of defense elicitors as alternatives to pesticides in agriculture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FytoSol, a Promising Plant Defense Elicitor, Controls Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease in the Tomato by Inducing Host Resistance-Associated Gene Expression

Bektaş¹

2022

Horticulturae

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“…Alternaria solani , a typical necrotrophic pathogen, is the main causal agent of early blight, which is a destructive foliar disease that affects potato, tomato and other cultivated Solanum species [ 1 , 2 ]. The typical disease symptoms are dark brown to black lesions with concentric rings on the leaves, which result in leaf browning and drop in severe cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of effector CEP112 that promotes the infection of necrotrophic Alternaria solani

et al. 2022

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Background Alternaria solani is a typical necrotrophic pathogen that can cause severe early blight on Solanaceae crops and cause ring disease on plant leaves. Phytopathogens produce secretory effectors that regulate the host immune response and promote pathogenic infection. Effector proteins, as specialized secretions of host-infecting pathogens, play important roles in disrupting host defense systems. At present, the role of the effector secreted by A. solani during infection remains unclear. We report the identification and characterization of AsCEP112, an effector required for A. solani virulence. Result The AsCEP112 gene was screened from the transcriptome and genome of A. solani on the basis of typical effector signatures. Fluorescence quantification and transient expression analysis showed that the expression level of AsCEP112 continued to increase during infection. The protein localized to the cell membrane of Nicotiana benthamiana and regulated senescence-related genes, resulting in the chlorosis of N. benthamiana and tomato leaves. Moreover, comparative analysis of AsCEP112 mutant obtained by homologous recombination with wild-type and revertant strains indicated that AsCEP112 gene played an active role in regulating melanin formation and penetration in the pathogen. Deletion of AsCEP112 also reduced the pathogenicity of HWC-168. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that AsCEP112 was an important effector protein that targeted host cell membranes. AsCEP112 regulateed host senescence-related genes to control host leaf senescence and chlorosis, and contribute to pathogen virulence.

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“…Aromatic carboxylates such as benzoic acid have been shown to inhibit or kill microorganisms (i) by interfering with the permeability of the microbial cell membrane, causing uncoupling of both substrate transport and oxidative phosphorylation, (ii) by disruption of intracellular pH homeostasis and (iii) specific inhibition of various enzyme activities [23]. Moreover, defense priming with protective effects against early blight (Alternaria solani) in tomato has also been reported for exogenous application of benzoic acid [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Benzoic Acid and Lettucenin A in the Defense Response of Lettuce against Soil-Borne Pathogens

Windisch

Walter

Moradtalab

et al. 2021

Plants

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Soil-borne pathogens can severely limit plant productivity. Induced defense responses are plant strategies to counteract pathogen-related damage and yield loss. In this study, we hypothesized that benzoic acid and lettucenin A are involved as defense compounds against Rhizoctonia solani and Olpidium virulentus in lettuce. To address this hypothesis, we conducted growth chamber experiments using hydroponics, peat culture substrate and soil culture in pots and minirhizotrons. Benzoic acid was identified as root exudate released from lettuce plants upon pathogen infection, with pre-accumulation of benzoic acid esters in the root tissue. The amounts were sufficient to inhibit hyphal growth of R. solani in vitro (30%), to mitigate growth retardation (51%) and damage of fine roots (130%) in lettuce plants caused by R. solani, but were not able to overcome plant growth suppression induced by Olpidium infection. Additionally, lettucenin A was identified as major phytoalexin, with local accumulation in affected plant tissues upon infection with pathogens or chemical elicitation (CuSO4) and detected in trace amounts in root exudates. The results suggest a two-stage defense mechanism with pathogen-induced benzoic acid exudation initially located in the rhizosphere followed by accumulation of lettucenin A locally restricted to affected root and leaf tissues.

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Benzoic Acid and Its Hydroxylated Derivatives Suppress Early Blight of Tomato (Alternaria solani) via the Induction of Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidant Defense Machinery

Cited by 41 publications

References 75 publications

FytoSol, a Promising Plant Defense Elicitor, Controls Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease in the Tomato by Inducing Host Resistance-Associated Gene Expression

FytoSol, a Promising Plant Defense Elicitor, Controls Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease in the Tomato by Inducing Host Resistance-Associated Gene Expression

Identification of effector CEP112 that promotes the infection of necrotrophic Alternaria solani

Role of Benzoic Acid and Lettucenin A in the Defense Response of Lettuce against Soil-Borne Pathogens

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