Best practice recommendations for the measurement and interpretation of salivary proinflammatory cytokines in biobehavioral research

Riis, Jenna L.; Ahmadi, Hedyeh; Hamilton, Katrina R.; Hand, T.

doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.009

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Minimum detection limits for IL-6 were 0.07 pg/mL. IL-6 values in the sample ranged from 0.07 to 92 pg/mL, mean (SD) = 5.79 (11.52) pg/mL, which is comparable to other, larger samples ( 36 , 42 , 52 ). Minimum detection limits for TNF-α were 0.04 pg/mL.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…Minimum detection limits for TNF-α were 0.04 pg/mL. TNF-α values in the sample ranged from 0.22 to 336.98 pg/mL, mean (SD) = 10.42 (43.53) pg/mL, which is comparable to other, larger samples ( 52 , 53 ). ELISA procedures performed by Salimetrics were reported to be reliable via several parameters including linearity, spike and recovery testing, intra- and inter- assay precision, and freeze/thaw stability ( 54 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…Outliers were windsorized by replacing values at or above 3 standard deviations above the mean with the next highest value ( 66 ). These transformation methods for cytokines are commonly used within the literature ( 52 , 67 ). Alpha was set at 0.05 for all analyses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammatory Cytokines, but Not Dietary Patterns, Are Related to Somatic Symptoms of Depression in a Sample of Women

2022

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BackgroundDepression is a heterogenous disorder with both cognitive and somatic symptom dimensions that may differentially relate to systemic inflammation. Diet, which has the potential to modulate both inflammation levels and mood, is yet to be studied within the context of individual depression dimensions. This study examined the associations between inflammatory cytokines and dietary patterns with depressive symptom dimension profiles among a sample of women recruited in a non-clinical setting.MethodsInflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), inflammatory diet (Diet Inflammatory Index; DII), and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II; BDI-II) were measured in 136 females (Mage = 22.01 ± 4.02, range 18–59 years). Multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the relationships between inflammatory cytokines and diet with self-reported cognitive, somatic, and total depressive symptoms, adjusting for demographic factors.ResultsFindings showed that increased somatic dimension scores were positively associated with IL-6 (ß = 0.273, p = 0.002) and TNF-α (ß = 0.215, p = 0.017), but not inflammatory diet (p = 0.300). Total BDI-II scores were only positively associated with IL-6 (ß = 0.221, p = 0.012), and cognitive dimension scores were not associated with any inflammation measures.ConclusionsThese findings contribute to existing evidence that inflammatory cytokines are associated with the somatic symptoms of depression. Inflammatory diet index was not associated with depression measures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 47%

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Inflammatory Cytokines, but Not Dietary Patterns, Are Related to Somatic Symptoms of Depression in a Sample of Women

2022

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“…These findings agree with the previous finding on higher CRP estimates collected from the passive drool method than the swab‐based method (Topkas et al, 2012). Organic or synthetic swabs may cause false‐negative results through retention and incomplete analyte release and are not recommended for salivary CRP measurements (Riis et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of passive drool and cotton‐based collection methods for salivary C‐reactive protein measurement

Yau

Fong

Wan

et al. 2022

American J Hum Biol

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Saliva collection and handling procedures for salivary C‐reactive protein (CRP) can be challenging due to a lack of standardized protocols. This study compared two collection methods used to quantify salivary CRP. Twenty‐two Chinese adults provided two unstimulated whole saliva samples using passive drool and cotton‐based collection devices in two consecutive mornings at baseline and 1 month later. The effects of various factors on CRP levels were analyzed using linear mixed models. Salivary CRP levels were significantly affected by collection time and method, but not day or wave. The CRP peaked upon awakening and declined 45 min later. CRP levels were significantly higher in the passive drool than in the cotton‐based method. The Bland–Altman plot revealed relative and proportional biases. The difference in the CRP levels between the methods decreased as the CRP levels increased. Results suggest that passive drool and cotton‐based collection methods should not be used interchangeably for measuring low levels of salivary CRP.

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“…However, different responses to exercise for IL-6 were reported for serum and salivary IL-6, which could indicate different origins of salivary and systemic IL-6 [ 40 ]. In the analysis of salivary cytokines, it can be challenging to achieve proper sampling and detection [ 63 ]. Other potential confounders, such as sample collection technique, cold chain management, diurnal variation, and oral health might also play a role [ 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Diagnostic for Monitoring Strenuous Exercise—A Pilot Study in a Cohort of Male Ultramarathon Runners

Borchers

Merle

Schöneborn

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Intense physical stress, such as that in ultramarathon running, affects the immune system. For monitoring in sports medicine, non-invasive methods, e.g., salivary analysis, are of interest. This pilot cohort study aimed to assess changes in salivary parameters in response to an ultramarathon. The results were compared to blood parameters. Male, healthy finishers (n = 9, mean age: 48 ± 8.8 years, mean height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m, mean weight: 72.5 ± 7.2 kg, mean BMI: 23.5 ± 1.9 kg/cm²) of a 160 km ultramarathon were included. Saliva and blood samples were collected at three time points: T1 (baseline), T2 (shortly after the ultramarathon) and T3 (after recovery). In saliva, cortisol, testosterone, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, albumin, IgA, α-amylase, aMMP-8, and neopterin were assessed via ELISA. In blood, cortisol, testosterone, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, blood cell counts, procalcitonin, CRP, osmolality, albumin, and α-amylase were analyzed. The statistical evaluation comprised longitudinal testing and cross-sectional testing between saliva and blood using ratios of T2 and T3 to baseline values. Various parameters in saliva and blood changed in response to the ultramarathon. Comparing blood and saliva, the longitudinal changes of testosterone (p = 0.02) and α-amylase (p = 0.03) differed significantly. Despite the limitations of the study, it underlines that saliva is an interesting option for comprehensive monitoring in sports medicine and necessitates further studies.

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Best practice recommendations for the measurement and interpretation of salivary proinflammatory cytokines in biobehavioral research

Cited by 23 publications

References 40 publications

Inflammatory Cytokines, but Not Dietary Patterns, Are Related to Somatic Symptoms of Depression in a Sample of Women

Inflammatory Cytokines, but Not Dietary Patterns, Are Related to Somatic Symptoms of Depression in a Sample of Women

Comparison of passive drool and cotton‐based collection methods for salivary C‐reactive protein measurement

Salivary Diagnostic for Monitoring Strenuous Exercise—A Pilot Study in a Cohort of Male Ultramarathon Runners

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