Between all-for-one and each-for-himself: On-farm competition for labour as determinant of wetland cropping in two Beninese villages

Abstract

In sub-Saharan Africa, unexploited land and water resources in wetlands represent an important potential for intensified, sustainable and food-secure farms through rice production and market gardening. The lack of uptake of cropping in wetlands may be related to the ways in which resources are divided between family fields and individual fields. The management system on sub-Saharan African farms comprises a family management unit or a combination of a family management unit and one or more individual management units. The family management unit or the farm head controls production in family fields to satisfy family needs while the individual management units control production in individual fields to satisfy individual needs. Our objective was to investigate the diversity in farm management systems and the resulting uptake of cropping in wetlands for different farm types, as the first step towards suggestions for enhancing rice production and market gardening in wetlands. We studied farms in two case-study villages in Benin: Zonmon in the southern part and Pelebina in the north-western part. Farm typologies were developed based on random samples of 51 out of 134 farms (38%) from Zonmon and 50 out of 146 farms (34%) from Pelebina by combining principal component analysis and Ward's minimum variance clustering. Variables included in the PCA were related to levels of resource endowment (e.g., amounts of land, family labour, cash for purchasing chemical inputs and hiring labour) and to resource-use strategies including resource division between family fields and individual fields, and between uplands and wetlands. We identified 3 farm types in Zonmon and 5 farm types in Pelebina based on differences in resource-use strategies and in resource endowment. We found no trade-off between the existence of individual fields and the area under rice and market garden crops in wetlands. Labour abundance was the main factor driving both the occurrence of individual fields and the expansion of cropping in wetlands. Differences in labour division strategies between family and individual fields among farm types reflected differences in food and cash division strategies. Land use appeared strongly motivated by food self-sufficiency objectives and labour productivity, leading to prioritisation of upland over wetland areas. In wetlands, most farm types opted for cultivating market garden crops during the dry season when labour demand for upland fields was low. Our results indicate that increasing labour productivity in food crops and in rice and market garden crops would enhance the uptake of rice and market garden crops in wetlands. Creating credit facilities would increase the labour resource and allow farmers to hire labour, further contributing to wetland use. We discuss the relevance of a systemic farm analysis that enables distinguishing family and individual fields for understanding farm uptake of rice and market garden crops in wetlands. (Résumé d'auteur

Feeding the world while reducing farmer poverty? Analysis of rice relative yield and labour productivity gaps in two Beninese villages

“…Cash crops mainly included cotton, soya and groundnut. Based on data from 6 a random sample of 34% of farms, rice accounted for 1% of the total area farmed during the 139 2012-2013 agricultural season (Paresys et al, 2018). The area under rice was not a key 140 distinguishing factor among farm types.…”

“…We determined the total number of farms for each village with the help of village 160 authorities using social mapping (Rim and Rouse, 2002): 134 farms in Zonmon and 146 161 farms in Pelebina (Paresys et al, 2018). In Pelebina, we surveyed all rice fields found in the 162 village during the 2012, 2013 and 2014 rainy seasons.…”

“…to Beninese rice production than one hectare in Pelebina but with a two times smaller reward 53 for farmer labour. This paradox of higher yields but lower labour productivity in such different 54 labour availability constrains farm expansion in wetlands (Paresys et al, 2018). Land was not 111 a limiting factor in these two villages.…”

“…Consequently farmers tended to adopt land-demanding 112 and labour-saving production activities: they maximized labour productivity by giving priority 113 to upland crops rather than to wetland crops. Improving labour productivity on rice fields 114 would stimulate the expansion to wetlands (Paresys et al, 2018). In order to understand the 115 main causes of variability in yield, labour input and labour productivity among rice fields, and 116 to identify opportunities for improving yield and labour productivity, we collected and 117 analysed detailed survey data from rice fields of two Beninese case-study villages 118 contrasting in terms of rice growing environments.…”

“…Case-study villages 123 124 The selection of villages was based on a rapid regional assessment of the various 125 wetland agro-ecosystems from south to north in Benin. Two case-study villages were 126 selected that were close to an urban market and experienced markedly different agro-127 ecological and socio-economic conditions; Zonmon in the south and Pelebina in the north-128 west (Paresys et al, 2018). Farming systems and types of farms differed greatly between 129…”