Beyond Antagonism: The Interaction Between Candida Species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract

There are many examples of the interaction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One such example is the polymicrobial colonization/infection by the various opportunistic pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genus Candida and the ubiquitous bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although this interaction has simplistically been characterized as antagonistic to the yeast, this review highlights the complexity of the interaction with various factors influencing both microbes. The first section deals with the interactions in vitro, looking specifically at the role of cell wall components, quorum sensing molecules, phenazines, fatty acid metabolites and competition for iron in the interaction. The second part of this review places all these interactions in the context of various infection or colonization sites, i.e., lungs, wounds, and the gastrointestinal tract. Here we see that the role of the host, as well as the methodology used to establish co-infection, are important factors, influencing the outcome of the disease. Suggested future perspectives for the study of this interaction include determining the influence of newly identified participants of the QS network of P. aeruginosa, oxylipin production by both species, as well as the genetic and phenotypic plasticity of these microbes, on the interaction and outcome of co-infection.

The gut mycobiome: The overlooked constituent of clinical outcomes and treatment complications in patients with cancer and other immunosuppressive conditions

“…Mice colonized with both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans had significantly lower mortality compared to those colonized with P. aeruginosa alone [39] C. albicans Clostridium spp.…”

“…However, most studies were derived from in vitro experiments or murine models that have a mono-microbial view of alterations in fungal biology as a result of interactions with bacteria. These interactions have been shown to provide synergy in commensalism, as in the case of C. albicans with enterococci [38], or are mutually antagonistic, such as the case between C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [39] (Table 1). Interestingly, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) efficacy was reduced in patients with Clostridioides difficile colitis who had dominance of Candida in the gut [40].…”

“…Antagonistic In vitro models P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide inhibits C. albicans biofilm and hyphal development [39] In vitro models P. aeruginosa excretes quorum-sensing molecules and quinolone signals, which repress hyphal and biofilm formation [39] In vitro models C. albicans secretes farnesol, which down-regulates the expression of P. aeruginosa virulence factors through modulation of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal system [39] In vitro models C. albicans inhibits the production of cytotoxic exotoxin A and pyoverdine [39] Neutropenic cocolonized mice…”

Understanding resistance in Pseudomonas

“…An antagonistic interaction to the yeast between Candida spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the role of cell wall components, quorum sensing molecules, phenazines, fatty acid metabolites, and competition for iron are well described [15]. The role of newly identified elements of P. aeruginosa QS network, oxylipin production by both species, as well as the genetic and phenotypic plasticity of those pathogens reflect suggested future perspectives.…”

Isolation, Characterization and Antagonistic Activity of the External Microflora of the House fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

“…Interestingly, P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus have been reported to possess mutual antagonism at different stages of bio lm development 59 . Recently, the complexity beyond the simple antagonistic interaction between P. aeruginosa and C. albicans has been intensively reviewed 60 . E. coli, Pseudomonas sp.…”