Beyond Linear Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics

An Entropy Generation Rate Model for Tropospheric Behavior That Includes Cloud Evolution

“…The principle of MEPR [10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]32] suggests that the tropospheric system should evolve towards the highest entropy generation rate condition while searching for a steady state, or it could spatially and temporally oscillate in the type of patterns like a BZ reaction while attempting to establish a state that maximizes the rate of entropy production [69][70][71]. In the following discussions, it will be shown that the conditions for increased-intensity rainfall and other such events could be related to both an increasing driving force and increased high-intensity entropy generation rates in specific cloud patterns.…”

“…The behavior of open complex systems like the troposphere is difficult to model [7][8][9]. However, it is becoming recognized that the entropy generation rates, temperature distributions, chemical partitioning, fluid circulation patterns, and phase-boundary shapes are related [10], particularly when the system is at steady-state conditions [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] thereby allowing for new models to be explored such as the one presented in this article. The entropy generation rate has a relationship to pattern formations.…”

“…The entropy generation rate has a relationship to pattern formations. Patterns and shapes have been studied with changing entropy generation rate principles for galaxy clusters, Hele-Shaw cells, natural convection, smokestacks, evolutionary biological systems, and directional freezing [10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. There is a scale at which free-energy dissipation and entropy generation are optimized by a system when it picks its dominant entropy generation mechanism [22].…”

“…Novel repetitive patterns are noted in open or cyclic systems where the energy changes its character, e.g., kinetic to potential energy or chemical to kinetic energy. For two-phase systems, a unique steady-state morphology is established for fixed forces and fluxes for an open system [13,[17][18][19]22]. New morphological patterns can emerge from previous patterns when a change in the driving force occurs.…”

“…The postulate of MEPR (maximum entropy production rate) compares the entropy generation rate for various patterns that can form at any scale during a process at a steady state. The principle of maximization of the entropy generation rate (MEPR) has led to accurate predictions of several parameters like the diffusion constant or geometric features like the pattern angle for bird flight and other experimentally verifiable results [18,22,23,31]. MEPR is equivalent to the maximum kinetic energy dissipation in a gravity-potential or the maximum heat transport in a temperature gradient.…”