Bias in predicted and remembered emotion

Levine, Linda J.; Lench, Heather C.; Karnaze, Melissa M.; Carlson, Steven

doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.10.008

Cited by 36 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Hogarth & Einhorn, 1992) and intense (e.g. Levine, Lench, Karnaze, & Carlson, 2018) emotional moments are better remembered. The finding that negative peaks received a slightly higher weight in mixed sequences suggests an influence of valence on memory that prioritises negative information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the peak-end rule smell? Tracing hedonic experience with odours

Scheibehenne

Coppin

2019

Cognition and Emotion

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The peak-end rule predicts that retrospective evaluations of affective events heavily depend on their most intense and last moment and imply duration neglect. It was originally proposed for negative experiences such as painful medical procedures. It is unclear, however, to what degree it also applies to positive experiences. Previously, rigorous comparisons between the two domains were limited due to the use of qualitatively different stimuli. Hence, it is not clear if the peak-end rule holds for short positive and negative experiences alike. To address these questions in a genuinely emotional domain, we conducted two experiments (n = 48 each) in which we used odours as stimuli. Participants repeatedly evaluated continuous odour sequences delivered into their noses via an olfactometer. The sequences differed in valence (positive vs. negative), length (36 vs. 72 s), and trajectory (increasing, decreasing, U-shaped, and inverse U-shaped). Results provide evidence for the peak-end rule for both positive and negative experiences alike. Results further show an overweighting of intense negative experiences for sequences that contain both pleasant and unpleasant episodes but provide little evidence for an effect of the trajectory manipulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the peak-end rule smell? Tracing hedonic experience with odours

Scheibehenne

Coppin

2019

Cognition and Emotion

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“…Hypotheses for the larger project are addressed in another paper (Lench et al, 2019). The main hypotheses for the current investigation were described in a published review (Levine et al, 2018) but analyses were not preregistered. The data are available online at https://osf.io/wh7kc/.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cognitive biases often lead people to overestimate the overall emotional impact of both future and past events (Wilson et al, 2003). People show greater accuracy when the focus of attention is similar over time, such as when they predict or remember the peak intensity of their emotional response to events (Doré, Meksin, Mather, Hirst, & Ochsner, 2016;Kaplan et al, 2016;Levine, Lench, Kaplan, & Safer, 2012;Levine, Lench, Karnaze, & Carlson, 2018). Thus, common processes promote similar patterns of bias when people predict and remember their emotional reactions to events.…”

Section: Similarities Between Representations Of Future and Past Emotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, people interpret vividness as a sign of accuracy (Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998;Kelley & Jacoby, 1990;Winkielman et al, 1998). Thus, Levine et al (2018) proposed that the greater importance of the future than the past would make predicted emotion more vivid than remembered emotion. In turn, greater vividness should lead people to perceive their predictions to be more accurate than their memories.…”

Section: Differences Between Representations Of Future and Past Emotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicted and remembered emotion: tomorrow’s vividness trumps yesterday’s accuracy

Levine

Lench

Stark

et al. 2019

Memory

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People rely on predicted and remembered emotion to guide important decisions. But how much can they trust their mental representations of emotion to be accurate, and how much do they trust them? In this investigation, participants (N = 957) reported their predicted, experienced, and remembered emotional response to the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. They also reported how accurate and vivid they perceived their predictions and memories to be, and the importance of the election. Participants remembered their emotional responses more accurately than they predicted them. But, strikingly, they perceived their predictions to be more accurate than their memories. This perception was explained by the greater importance and vividness of anticipated versus remembered experience. We also assessed whether individuals with Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory for personal and public events (N = 33) showed superior ability to predict or remember their emotional responses to events. They did not and, even for this group, predicting emotion was a more intense experience than remembering emotion. These findings reveal asymmetries in the phenomenological experience of predicting and remembering emotion. The vividness of predicted emotion serves as a powerful subjective signal of accuracy even when predictions turn out to be wrong.

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“…memory consolidation. Some empirical findings have shown that anxious individuals have attentional biases toward threats and that these biases affect memory consolidation [19,20]. Further, emotion-cognition interaction affects efficiency of specific cognitive functions, and that one's affective state may enhance or hinder these functions rapidly, flexibly, and reversibly [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile phones: The effect of its presence on learning and memory

Tanil

Yong

2020

PLoS ONE

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Our aim was to examine the effect of a smartphone's presence on learning and memory among undergraduates. A total of 119 undergraduates completed a memory task and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). As predicted, those without smartphones had higher recall accuracy compared to those with smartphones. Results showed a significant negative relationship between phone conscious thought, "how often did you think about your phone", and memory recall but not for SAS and memory recall. Phone conscious thought significantly predicted memory accuracy. We found that the presence of a smartphone and high phone conscious thought affects one's memory learning and recall, indicating the negative effect of a smartphone proximity to our learning and memory.

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Bias in predicted and remembered emotion

Cited by 36 publications

References 53 publications

How does the peak-end rule smell? Tracing hedonic experience with odours

How does the peak-end rule smell? Tracing hedonic experience with odours

Predicted and remembered emotion: tomorrow’s vividness trumps yesterday’s accuracy

Mobile phones: The effect of its presence on learning and memory

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