Bias magnetic field and test period dependences of direct and converse magnetoelectric hysteresis of tri-layered magnetoelectric composite

Complex magnetoelectric effect in multiferroic composites: the case of PFN-PT/(Co,Ni)Fe2O4

“…Thus, to gain further insight into this effect, it is useful to investigate q dc through the magnetization measurements. It is well known that λ dc ∝ M 2 , and thus we have q dc = ∂λ dc /∂H ∝ ∂M 2 /∂H [21,[56][57][58][59]. In order to reproduce the same magnetization trace, as in the ME measurements, a recoil curve was measured from 7.8 kOe to remanence and then again to 7.8 kOe (shown in the inset of figure 6).…”

“…On the other hand, it should be noted that the direct ME measurements provide us a complex quantity, in which the imaginary part is due to the phase shift between the driving current for ac field and the output ME voltage from the sample. However, the complex ME coefficient [5], complex ME voltage coefficient [19] and phase shift [11,20,21] have been rarely studied, and comprehensive analysis of this issue has not been yet reported.…”

Direct and converse nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic composites with ferromagnetic and ferroelectric phases

“…In the meantime, some theoretical studies have started to emerge. Some representative works are carried out [32][33][34]. For example, Zhang & Gao [32] established a nonlinear dynamic hysteretic model for giant magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites, and implemented a finiteelement analysis to investigate the influences of hysteresis and temperature on the ME effects of M/P/M and P/M/P structures (M: magnetic; P: piezoelectric).…”

“…Combining a nonlinear hysteretic magnetostrictive model and a structural vibration theory, Xu et al [33] studied the frequency dependence of the harmonic hysteretic ME effect in a multiferroic composite. In addition, Zhou et al [34] built a hysteretic nonlinear ME theoretical model for the symmetric tri-layered structure. It must be pointed out that, in these nonlinear theoretical studies of ME coupling, only the nonlinear constitutive equations of the ferromagnetic phase are considered.…”